{"id":929,"date":"2023-10-12T09:48:16","date_gmt":"2023-10-12T07:48:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/?p=929"},"modified":"2025-10-14T11:14:06","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T09:14:06","slug":"ihc-profiler-in-mikaia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/ihc-profiler-in-mikaia\/","title":{"rendered":"IHC Profiler in MIKAIA \u2013 Assessing New IHC Assay Using Multi-organ TMA"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>When designing a new \u00a0immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, a quantitative assessment of how it &#8220;responds&#8221; in different tissues of various organs is insightful and helps optimizing the assay in an objective way. In the following use case, the IHC Profiler in <a href=\"http:\/\/mikaia.ai\">MIKAIA<sup>\u00ae<\/sup><\/a> is utilized for the quantitative evaluation of tissue microarray (TMA) cores from various tissue samples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1418\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1904\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6-1024x567.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6-768x425.jpg 768w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6-1536x851.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6-2048x1134.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6-370x205.jpg 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6-270x150.jpg 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6-570x316.jpg 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-6-740x410.jpg 740w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Multi-organ IHC TMA, courtesy of Fraunhofer IZI, \u00a9 Fraunhofer IIS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In this <a href=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/mikaia-university\/\">MIKAIA<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> University<\/a> application note, the researchers&#8217; objective was to quantify and grade separately<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the stain intensity per TMA core<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the positive area per TMA core.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Why are intensity and area assessed independently? This is simply due to the fact that it is hardly possible to source TMA cores from the various tissues in a standardized way, with always the exact same ratio of tissue expected to be positive or negative. It is in the nature of a specific IHC assay that it stains only desired antigens and does not yield a response in the remaining tissues. Therefore, a larger positive area in a TMA core is not per se a good or bad result. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The stain intensity, on the other hand, states how strongly the chromogen, e.g., DAB in this use case, is visible. Here, a stronger intensity is typically desired. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>MIKAIA<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Annotation Metrics App<\/strong> can be used in this scenario. The app will iterate over existing annotation objects in a given annotation class (or multiple classes) and calculate a set of metrics for each annotation. The annotations to be analyzed can either be drawn manually or one of the other apps can be used.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Detecting TMA cores<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here, the <strong>Tissue Detection App<\/strong> was used to automatically detect all TMA cores first. The app is used to batch-analyze all whole-slide-images (WSIs) in the dataset with the &#8220;save in place&#8221; option enabled. Subsequently, the detection results should be checked and annotations can be corrected wherever necessary. The magic brush and magic eraser tools, which smoothly align the brush circle to the image contents, are very handy in this step. MIKAIA<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> stores annotations decentrally in a proprietary *.ano file next to the original WSI file. This has the advantage that scans can be moved around to other folders after they have been analyzed. As long as the *.ano file stays next to it, it will be auto-detected by MIKAIA<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> when the slide is opened. Additionally, *.ano annotation files can be easily shared via email. It is good practice and recommended to copy the *.ano files after any analysis step that takes longer or involves manual work, and place them in a separate folder, just to be safe. This way one can later always revert to this stage, if necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IHC Profiler in the Annotation Metrics App<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"663\" height=\"304\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of the MIKAIA Annotation Metrics App\" class=\"wp-image-933\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image.png 663w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-370x170.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-270x124.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-570x261.png 570w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u00a9  Fraunhofer IIS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Now that all annotation are available, the <strong>Annotation Metrics App<\/strong> can be used to analyze them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a minimal setting, it will only calculate morphometric attributes such as the area in mm\u00b2, the perimeter, the roundness, etc. and export them into a CSV file. Here, however, we are interested in profiling the colors, and so we activate the <strong>Calculate the color metrics<\/strong> option. When a brightfield scan is loaded, the app will unmix the stains and then analyze one single stain, i.e., DAB in this example. The app &#8220;looks&#8221; at the unmixed image in the so called optical-density (OD) color space, where pixels are dark when the chromogen is absent and bright when it is present. Additionally, we select <strong>incl. histogram<\/strong>. This way, the color histogram is calculated for each annotation. The histogram provides a good basis for deriving both the stain intensity and the positive area. The histogram states for each color intensity (0-255) the number of pixels with this color intensity. The unit written to the CSV file can be pixels, \u00b5m\u00b2 or normalized (i.e., the sum of all values is 1.0). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, the IHC Profiling could then take place within Excel or any other statistics\/plotting tool that can read in the exported CSV (e.g., Matlab, Python, R). But it is helpful to get a visualization of the detected grades.   <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"349\" height=\"832\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-1.png\" alt=\"screenshot of MIKAIA Annotation Metrics App configurations\" class=\"wp-image-934\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-1.png 349w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-1-126x300.png 126w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image-1-270x644.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">MIKAIA\u00ae Annotation Metrics App configuration, \u00a9 Fraunhofer IIS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>When the <strong>Grade by intensity<\/strong> option is selected, the app will generate new annotations and assign them into one of the classes <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#02e4fe\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><em>Intensity &#8211; low<\/em><\/mark>,  <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff6900\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><em>Intensity &#8211; medium<\/em><\/strong><\/mark>, or  <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff0000\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><em>Intensity &#8211; high<\/em><\/strong>.<\/mark> The grade is computed by computing the mean value of the darkest N % pixels in the annotation. The N (default: 5 %) as well as the cut-offs for low\/medium\/high can be configured.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When the <strong>Grade by area <\/strong>option is selected, the app will additionally generate another set of new annotations and assign them into one of the classes <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#02e4fe\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><em>Pos. Area &#8211; low<\/em><\/mark>,  <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff6900\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><em>Pos. Area &#8211; medium<\/em><\/strong><\/mark>, or  <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#ff0000\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><em>Pos. Area &#8211; high<\/em><\/strong>.<\/mark>  The grade is computed by computing the ratio of pixels that is darker than a threshold T. The T (default: 64) as well as the cut-offs for low\/medium\/high can be configured. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1413\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1906\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7-1024x565.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7-768x424.jpg 768w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7-1536x848.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7-2048x1130.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7-370x204.jpg 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7-270x149.jpg 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7-570x315.jpg 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/MICAIA-131-IHC-Profiling-TMA-7-740x408.jpg 740w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Positive Area grades are visualized as annotation overlays by MIKAIA\u00ae Annotation Metrics App. \u00a9 Fraunhofer IIS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>When enabling both grades, be careful to visualize only one set of grade-classes as the annotations overlap each other. The classes are tagged either with the <strong>Intensity<\/strong> tag or the <strong>Pos. Area<\/strong> tag. Clicking a tag button (bottom of Annotation Classes sidebar) will automatically toggle the visibility of all classes with this tag.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When designing a new \u00a0immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, a quantitative assessment of how it &#8220;responds&#8221; in different tissues of various organs is insightful and helps optimizing the assay in an objective way. In the following use case, the IHC Profiler in MIKAIA\u00ae is utilized for the quantitative evaluation of tissue microarray (TMA) cores from various tissue [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":935,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,35,28],"tags":[87,7,29,109],"coauthors":[56],"class_list":["post-929","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-digital-pathology","category-life-science","category-mikaia-university","tag-ihc","tag-mikaia","tag-mikaia-app-note","tag-use-case"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>IHC Profiler in MIKAIA \u2013 Assessing New IHC Assay Using Multi-organ TMA - SMART SENSING insights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In this MIKAIA use case, the IHC Profiler is utilized for the quantitative evaluation of tissue microarray (TMA) cores from various tissue samples.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/ihc-profiler-in-mikaia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"IHC Profiler in MIKAIA \u2013 Assessing New IHC Assay Using Multi-organ TMA - 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