{"id":1017,"date":"2024-07-21T14:17:55","date_gmt":"2024-07-21T12:17:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/?p=1017"},"modified":"2024-09-20T13:06:48","modified_gmt":"2024-09-20T11:06:48","slug":"ihc-markers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/ihc-markers\/","title":{"rendered":"IHC Staining and Molecular Biomarkers"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide, and the evaluation of predictive and prognostic markers is crucial in its pathologic assessment. <strong>Immunohistochemistry <\/strong>(<strong>IHC<\/strong>) is commonly used to evaluate biomarker status and guide the use of specific therapies. However, with over 41,800 publications on IHC biomarkers and 27,300 publications on cancer immunohistochemical markers indexed in PubMed as of 2023, it is a challenge to gain an overview on IHC staining possibilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When interpreting molecular biomarkers, we are faced with the same problem. And since, on the image analysis side, we get into contact with a wide variety of markers in a wide variety of cases, we started to create an overview of immunohistochemical markers. Naturally, this&nbsp;overview is never complete and only a drop in the ocean. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In terms of <strong>image analysis<\/strong> for IHC biomarkers, check out the following <a href=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/mikaia-university\/\">MIKAIA\u00ae University<\/a> application notes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/ihc-profiler-in-mikaia\/\">IHC Profiler &#8211; Assessing New IHC Assay Using Multi-organ TMA<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/mikaia-ihc-cell-detection-app\/\">IHC Cell Detection<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/mikaia-spatial-clustering-app\/\">Spatial Clustering<\/a> of IHC+ cells<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8230;and further arcticles with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smartsensing.blog\/tag\/ihc\">&#8220;IHC&#8221; tag<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Marker<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Histology<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Cell type<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Function<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Localisation<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD1<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"263\" height=\"277\" class=\"wp-image-1018\" style=\"width: 200px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD1.png\" alt=\"\"><br><sup data-fn=\"70c85100-80db-4f8b-b04c-e386a0e6e023\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#70c85100-80db-4f8b-b04c-e386a0e6e023\" id=\"70c85100-80db-4f8b-b04c-e386a0e6e023-link\">1<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Antigen presenting <br>cells<\/td><td>Mediate presentation <br>of endogenous and <br>foreign lipids on cell <br>surface for <br>recognition by T cell <br>receptors<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD2<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"468\" height=\"350\" class=\"wp-image-1020\" style=\"width: 200px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD2.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD2.png 468w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD2-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD2-370x277.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD2-270x202.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD2-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><\/td><td>T cells, NK cells, <br>dendritic cells, <br>thymocytes<\/td><td>Mediates adhesion <br>between T cells and <br>antigen presenting <br>cells<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD3<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"836\" height=\"620\" class=\"wp-image-1022\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD3.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD3.png 836w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD3-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD3-768x570.png 768w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD3-370x274.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD3-270x200.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD3-570x423.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD3-740x549.png 740w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD3-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 836px) 100vw, 836px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"bb2fd6f7-6dc4-4ad3-ab5a-a50f2071d87b\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#bb2fd6f7-6dc4-4ad3-ab5a-a50f2071d87b\" id=\"bb2fd6f7-6dc4-4ad3-ab5a-a50f2071d87b-link\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>T cells<br><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td><td>Main component of <br>the T cell antigen <br>receptor<\/td><td>Cytoplasmic <br>positivity in <br>immature T <br>cells<br>&nbsp;<br>Complete <br>and <br>membranous <br>positivity in <br>mature T cells<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD4<\/td><td><br><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"126\" class=\"wp-image-1822\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild1.png\" alt=\"\"><br><sup data-fn=\"189716ba-aeb5-473e-9cd2-cc79b339eab2\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#189716ba-aeb5-473e-9cd2-cc79b339eab2\" id=\"189716ba-aeb5-473e-9cd2-cc79b339eab2-link\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>T helper cell<\/td><td>T cell activation<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD6<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"310\" height=\"305\" class=\"wp-image-1025\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD6.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD6.png 310w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD6-300x295.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD6-270x266.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" \/><\/td><td>Mature T cells, B cell<br>subset, NK cells,<br>high levels on mature<br>thymocytes<\/td><td>Essential for stable <br>contact between T <br>cells and antigen <br>presenting cells, <br>which leads to T cell <br>proliferation<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD7<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"904\" height=\"650\" class=\"wp-image-1023\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD7.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD7.png 904w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD7-300x216.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD7-768x552.png 768w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD7-370x266.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD7-270x194.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD7-570x410.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD7-740x532.png 740w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"986d2256-0500-44b0-9d79-1e512ef7208a\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#986d2256-0500-44b0-9d79-1e512ef7208a\" id=\"986d2256-0500-44b0-9d79-1e512ef7208a-link\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Thymocytes, mature T <br>cells, NK cells<\/td><td>T cell B cell <br>interaction in early <br>lymphoid development<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD8<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"423\" height=\"568\" class=\"wp-image-1140\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD8-1.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD8-1.png 423w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD8-1-223x300.png 223w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD8-1-370x497.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD8-1-270x363.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"c0f34503-8b5e-4c30-95fb-7ce08f194925\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#c0f34503-8b5e-4c30-95fb-7ce08f194925\" id=\"c0f34503-8b5e-4c30-95fb-7ce08f194925-link\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Cytotoxic T cells<\/td><td>Recognize antigens <br>displayed by an <br>antigen presenting <br>cell<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD9<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"359\" height=\"272\" class=\"wp-image-1024\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD9.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD9.png 359w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD9-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD9-270x205.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD9-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 359px) 100vw, 359px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"82d52f25-826a-4224-8ce3-db15d98d97a5\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#82d52f25-826a-4224-8ce3-db15d98d97a5\" id=\"82d52f25-826a-4224-8ce3-db15d98d97a5-link\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Pre B cells, B cell subset, <br>activated T cells, <br>basophils, eosinophils, <br>monocytes, <br>thrombocytes, Brain, <br>cardiac muscle, vascular <br>smooth muscle<\/td><td>Mediates adhesion, <br>migration, signal <br>transduction<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD10<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"234\" height=\"176\" class=\"wp-image-1029\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD10.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD10.png 234w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD10-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 234px) 100vw, 234px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"7620bc55-886d-4cce-a002-498a26b58d98\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#7620bc55-886d-4cce-a002-498a26b58d98\" id=\"7620bc55-886d-4cce-a002-498a26b58d98-link\">7<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>B and T progenitor cells<\/td><td>Degradation of small <br>peptides<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD11a<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"393\" height=\"312\" class=\"wp-image-1030\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11a.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11a.png 393w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11a-300x238.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11a-370x294.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11a-270x214.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"07fd0720-0c96-4d84-a3ea-64ace6ddad39\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#07fd0720-0c96-4d84-a3ea-64ace6ddad39\" id=\"07fd0720-0c96-4d84-a3ea-64ace6ddad39-link\">8<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>B- and T-lymphocytes, <br>monocytes, <br>macrophages, <br>neutrophils, basophils, <br>and eosinophils<\/td><td>Binds to CD18<br>adhesion molecule, <br>signal transduction<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD11b<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"393\" height=\"316\" class=\"wp-image-1031\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11b.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11b.png 393w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11b-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11b-370x298.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11b-270x217.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"af9ba063-f04e-4d5d-9559-96df45f404f6\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#af9ba063-f04e-4d5d-9559-96df45f404f6\" id=\"af9ba063-f04e-4d5d-9559-96df45f404f6-link\">9<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Granulocytes, <br>monocytes\/<br>macrophages, <br>and NK cells, <br>and subsets <br>of B- and T-cells<\/td><td>Adhesion molecule<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD11c<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1059\" height=\"597\" class=\"wp-image-1032\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11c.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11c.png 1059w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11c-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11c-1024x577.png 1024w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11c-768x433.png 768w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11c-370x209.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11c-270x152.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11c-570x321.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD11c-740x417.png 740w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1059px) 100vw, 1059px\" \/><\/td><td>Expression is high in <br>monocytes\/<br>macrophages, <br>NK cells, hairy cells<br>&nbsp;<br>Expression is moderate <br>in granulocytes, and <br>weak in <br>lymphocyte subsets<\/td><td>Adhesion molecule<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD14<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"428\" height=\"360\" class=\"wp-image-1034\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD14.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD14.png 428w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD14-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD14-370x311.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD14-270x227.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"211abda3-c94e-49d6-bb11-c81057f123f9\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#211abda3-c94e-49d6-bb11-c81057f123f9\" id=\"211abda3-c94e-49d6-bb11-c81057f123f9-link\">10<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Macrophages \/ <br>monocytes, <br>Langerhans cells, <br>dendritic cells, <br>B cells and <br>granulocytes<\/td><td>Detects antigenic <br>molecules<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD15<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"504\" height=\"417\" class=\"wp-image-1038\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD15.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD15.png 504w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD15-300x248.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD15-370x306.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD15-270x223.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 504px) 100vw, 504px\" \/><\/td><td>Monocytes,<br>granulocytes<\/td><td>Mediates phagocytosis<br>&nbsp;<br>Diagnosis of Hodgkin <br>lymphoma<\/td><td>A <br>carbohydrate <br>(not a <br>protein) on <br>the cell <br>surface<br>&nbsp;<br>membranous, <br>diffuse <br>cytoplasmic <br>or Golgi <br>staining in <br>Hodgkin <br>lymphoma<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD16<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" class=\"wp-image-1037\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD16.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD16.png 800w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD16-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD16-768x577.png 768w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD16-370x278.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD16-270x203.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD16-570x428.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD16-740x556.png 740w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD16-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/td><td>NK cells, granulocytes, <br>monocytes \/ <br>macrophages, T cells<\/td><td>Signal transduction<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD18<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"393\" height=\"312\" class=\"wp-image-1036\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD18.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD18.png 393w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD18-300x238.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD18-370x294.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD18-270x214.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"5848c3a3-c769-4541-b536-a56ca4e515c2\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#5848c3a3-c769-4541-b536-a56ca4e515c2\" id=\"5848c3a3-c769-4541-b536-a56ca4e515c2-link\">11<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Neutrophils, basophils <br>macrophages, <br>monocytes, NK cells<\/td><td>Important for <br>adhesion and <br>signaling in the <br>hematopoietic <br>system<br><br>Forms the beta 2 <br>chain of CD11a-c <br>enabling cell <br>adhesion.<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD19<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"572\" height=\"326\" class=\"wp-image-1039\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD19.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD19.png 572w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD19-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD19-370x211.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD19-270x154.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD19-570x325.png 570w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/td><td>B cells<\/td><td>Regulates B cell <br>development, <br>activation and <br>differentiation<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD20<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"687\" height=\"527\" class=\"wp-image-1040\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD20.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD20.png 687w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD20-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD20-370x284.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD20-270x207.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD20-570x437.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD20-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 687px) 100vw, 687px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"f533bd29-33f4-4053-b9c8-44b38558e500\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#f533bd29-33f4-4053-b9c8-44b38558e500\" id=\"f533bd29-33f4-4053-b9c8-44b38558e500-link\">12<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>B cells<\/td><td>Activation of B cells<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD21<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"118\" class=\"wp-image-1823\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild2.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild2.png 338w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild2-300x235.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild2-270x212.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild2-335x265.png 335w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"f463ef6d-bf94-493c-a805-22362d87cd88\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#f463ef6d-bf94-493c-a805-22362d87cd88\" id=\"f463ef6d-bf94-493c-a805-22362d87cd88-link\">13<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Mature B-cells and <br>follicular dendritic cells<\/td><td>Part of the B-cell co-<br>receptor complex<br>&nbsp;<br>Interacts with CD19 <br>and CD81<br>B-cell activation and <br>maturation<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD22<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"521\" height=\"745\" class=\"wp-image-1042\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD22.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD22.png 521w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD22-210x300.png 210w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD22-370x529.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD22-270x386.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 521px) 100vw, 521px\" \/><\/td><td>Mature B-cells<\/td><td>Regulatory molecule <br>that prevents the <br>overactivation of the <br>immune system and <br>the development of <br>autoimmune diseases<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD23<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"278\" height=\"212\" class=\"wp-image-1043\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD23.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD23.png 278w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD23-270x206.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD23-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"ddfeb0c0-53e0-4c5b-9393-cc5bdff6c77c\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#ddfeb0c0-53e0-4c5b-9393-cc5bdff6c77c\" id=\"ddfeb0c0-53e0-4c5b-9393-cc5bdff6c77c-link\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Mature B cells, <br>activated macrophages, <br>eosinophils, follicular <br>dendritic cells<\/td><td>Mediates multiple immunologic functions<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD24<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"255\" class=\"wp-image-1044\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD24.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD24.png 683w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD24-300x112.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD24-370x138.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD24-270x101.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD24-570x213.png 570w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"c7ff4ca6-172e-4042-82a9-d2eb8c3c8896\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#c7ff4ca6-172e-4042-82a9-d2eb8c3c8896\" id=\"c7ff4ca6-172e-4042-82a9-d2eb8c3c8896-link\">15<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>B cells, granulozytes<\/td><td>Cell adhesion<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD25<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"509\" class=\"wp-image-1045\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD25.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD25.png 512w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD25-300x298.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD25-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD25-370x368.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD25-270x268.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/td><td>T regulatory cells<\/td><td>Immunoregulatory <br>functions<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD27<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"785\" height=\"563\" class=\"wp-image-1046\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD27.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD27.png 785w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD27-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD27-768x551.png 768w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD27-370x265.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD27-270x194.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD27-570x409.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD27-740x531.png 740w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\" \/><\/td><td>B, T and NK cells<\/td><td>Member of the TNF-<br>receptor superfamily<br>Required for <br>generation and long-<br>term maintenance of <br>T cell immunity<br>&nbsp;<br>Binds to CD70<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD28<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"121\" class=\"wp-image-1824\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild3.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild3.png 336w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild3-300x242.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild3-270x218.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"f299b110-f359-4412-b01e-f8871f616b76\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#f299b110-f359-4412-b01e-f8871f616b76\" id=\"f299b110-f359-4412-b01e-f8871f616b76-link\">16<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>T cells<\/td><td>T cell activation and <br>survival<br>&nbsp;<br>Binds to CD80 and <br>CD86<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD29<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"603\" height=\"453\" class=\"wp-image-1048\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD29.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD29.png 603w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD29-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD29-370x278.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD29-270x203.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD29-570x428.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD29-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 603px) 100vw, 603px\" \/><\/td><td>Leukocytes<\/td><td>Cell adhesion, <br>immune response<br>&nbsp;<br>Interacts with CD49a<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD30<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"625\" height=\"627\" class=\"wp-image-1049\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD30.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD30.png 625w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD30-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD30-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD30-370x371.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD30-270x271.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD30-570x572.png 570w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"1db0bfd0-1e6e-4a2a-90db-41354536732b\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#1db0bfd0-1e6e-4a2a-90db-41354536732b\" id=\"1db0bfd0-1e6e-4a2a-90db-41354536732b-link\">17<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Activated T- and <br>B-cells, monocytes, <br>Reed-Sternberg cells <br>and T-cell <br>lymphomas<\/td><td>Regulates <br>lymphocyte <br>proliferation and cell <br>death. Critical role in <br>the pathophysiology <br>of Hodgkin&#8217;s disease <br>and other CD30+ <br>lymphomas<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD31<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"113\" class=\"wp-image-1825\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild4.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild4.png 336w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild4-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild4-270x203.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild4-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"36d2fbd3-0cdb-4f85-a0a1-9e18e4823bc0\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#36d2fbd3-0cdb-4f85-a0a1-9e18e4823bc0\" id=\"36d2fbd3-0cdb-4f85-a0a1-9e18e4823bc0-link\">18<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Monocytes, <br>platelets,&nbsp;endothelial <br>cells.<\/td><td>Cell adhesion, <br>immune cell <br>transmigration and <br>angiogenesis<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD33<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"990\" height=\"624\" class=\"wp-image-1053\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD33.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD33.png 990w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD33-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD33-768x484.png 768w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD33-370x233.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD33-270x170.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD33-570x359.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD33-740x466.png 740w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 990px) 100vw, 990px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"d739087f-6dc9-4588-af97-558e24df5380\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#d739087f-6dc9-4588-af97-558e24df5380\" id=\"d739087f-6dc9-4588-af97-558e24df5380-link\">19<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Cells of myeloid lineage<\/td><td>Lectin activity and <br>adhesion. A receptor <br>that inhibits the <br>proliferation of <br>normal, leukemic <br>myeloid and <br>lymphoid cells<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD34<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"873\" height=\"623\" class=\"wp-image-1054\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD34.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD34.png 873w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD34-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD34-768x548.png 768w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD34-370x264.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD34-270x193.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD34-570x407.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD34-740x528.png 740w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 873px) 100vw, 873px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"49a677ed-0b95-4888-9487-b490b207b27e\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#49a677ed-0b95-4888-9487-b490b207b27e\" id=\"49a677ed-0b95-4888-9487-b490b207b27e-link\">20<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Hematopoietic stem <br>cells and progenitors, <br>capillary endothelial <br>cells.<\/td><td>Ligand for CD62L<br>&nbsp;<br>Major vascular <br>selectin ligand \u2013 <br>necessary for the first <br>step of cell migration<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD35<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"644\" height=\"484\" class=\"wp-image-1055\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD35.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD35.png 644w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD35-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD35-370x278.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD35-270x203.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD35-570x428.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD35-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 644px) 100vw, 644px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"5ba8ce42-ad8a-4337-aabb-ffc02cb641dd\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#5ba8ce42-ad8a-4337-aabb-ffc02cb641dd\" id=\"5ba8ce42-ad8a-4337-aabb-ffc02cb641dd-link\">21<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Erythrocytes,&nbsp;<br>monocytes, <br>granulocytes, <br>neutrophils, <br>eosinophils, <br>splenic follicular <br>dendritic cells.&nbsp;<\/td><td>Receptor for <br>complement <br>components C3b and <br>C4b. Mediates <br>adhesion and <br>phagocytosis.<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD36<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"368\" height=\"161\" class=\"wp-image-1056\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD36.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD36.png 368w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD36-300x131.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD36-270x118.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 368px) 100vw, 368px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"5a2357bf-0492-459c-8853-b2c4cbca51a5\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#5a2357bf-0492-459c-8853-b2c4cbca51a5\" id=\"5a2357bf-0492-459c-8853-b2c4cbca51a5-link\">22<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Found on many <br>cells and tissues; <br>Platelets, <br>monocytes, <br>endothelial cells<\/td><td>Involved in signal <br>transduction in <br>immunity; Adhesion <br>molecule of <br>thrombocytes; <br>involved in <br>recognition and <br>phagocytosis of <br>apoptotic cells.<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD37<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"464\" height=\"463\" class=\"wp-image-1057\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD37.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD37.png 464w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD37-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD37-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD37-370x369.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD37-270x269.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 464px) 100vw, 464px\" \/><\/td><td>Mature B-cells and <br>myeloid cells.&nbsp;<\/td><td>Signal transduction. <br>Regulates T-cell <br>proliferation.&nbsp;Involved <br>in the spatial <br>organization of B-cell <br>plasma membrane.<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD38<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"302\" height=\"243\" class=\"wp-image-1058\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD38.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD38.png 302w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD38-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD38-270x217.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 302px) 100vw, 302px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"42e86f89-a880-44b0-b960-e20c18542f35\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#42e86f89-a880-44b0-b960-e20c18542f35\" id=\"42e86f89-a880-44b0-b960-e20c18542f35-link\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>T-cells, B-cells, <br>plasma cells and <br>NK cells.&nbsp;<\/td><td>Functions in cell <br>adhesion, signal <br>transduction and <br>calcium signaling<br>&nbsp;<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD39<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"450\" class=\"wp-image-1059\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD39.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD39.png 533w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD39-300x253.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD39-370x312.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD39-270x228.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"8837a01e-0abc-4e86-ad3c-399c9e584624\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#8837a01e-0abc-4e86-ad3c-399c9e584624\" id=\"8837a01e-0abc-4e86-ad3c-399c9e584624-link\">24<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Activated lymphoid <br>cells<\/td><td>Involved in the <br>cellular signaling that <br>regulates adhesion <br>and adenosine-<br>mediated <br>immunosuppression<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD44<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"255\" class=\"wp-image-1093\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD44.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD44.png 683w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD44-300x112.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD44-370x138.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD44-270x101.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD44-570x213.png 570w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"c623b8a0-3dcd-4885-8ae9-d0a0623c73d9\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#c623b8a0-3dcd-4885-8ae9-d0a0623c73d9\" id=\"c623b8a0-3dcd-4885-8ae9-d0a0623c73d9-link\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Ubiquitously expressed <br>on many types <br>of cells of <br>lymphohematopoietic <br>origin, including <br>erythrocytes, T and <br>B cells, NK cells, <br>macrophages, <br>Kupffer cells, <br>dendritic cells and <br>granulocytes<\/td><td>Cell adhesion<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD45<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"392\" height=\"316\" class=\"wp-image-1094\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD45.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD45.png 392w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD45-300x242.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD45-370x298.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD45-270x218.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"851623cd-1591-46c4-9a02-ef220e9343d1\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#851623cd-1591-46c4-9a02-ef220e9343d1\" id=\"851623cd-1591-46c4-9a02-ef220e9343d1-link\">26<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Leucocytes<\/td><td>Supports T cell <br>activation and signal <br>transduction<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CD68<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"395\" height=\"317\" class=\"wp-image-1095\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD68.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD68.png 395w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD68-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD68-370x297.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/CD68-270x217.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"f28b0ea0-1d34-40b4-a264-5767920e9a15\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#f28b0ea0-1d34-40b4-a264-5767920e9a15\" id=\"f28b0ea0-1d34-40b4-a264-5767920e9a15-link\">27<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Monocytes, <br>macrophages<\/td><td>Binds to tissue- and <br>organ-specific lectins <br>or selectins, allowing <br>homing of <br>macrophage subsets <br>to particular sites<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>ER\/PR<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"431\" height=\"627\" class=\"wp-image-1114\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ER_PR.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ER_PR.png 431w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ER_PR-206x300.png 206w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ER_PR-370x538.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ER_PR-270x393.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"342392ff-92dd-4773-8f0c-7908c04aa7be\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#342392ff-92dd-4773-8f0c-7908c04aa7be\" id=\"342392ff-92dd-4773-8f0c-7908c04aa7be-link\">28<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Estrogen Receptor <br>and <br>Progesterone Receptor<\/td><td>ER and PR status <br>should be tested on <br>breast tumor<\/td><td>Nuclear<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FoxP3<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"421\" height=\"560\" class=\"wp-image-1142\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/FoxP3-1.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/FoxP3-1.png 421w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/FoxP3-1-226x300.png 226w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/FoxP3-1-370x492.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/FoxP3-1-270x359.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"c8922e61-c594-4347-a91d-10a6a6d99883\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#c8922e61-c594-4347-a91d-10a6a6d99883\" id=\"c8922e61-c594-4347-a91d-10a6a6d99883-link\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Regulatory T cells (Treg)<\/td><td>Transcriptional <br>regulator which is <br>crucial for the <br>development and <br>inhibitory function of <br>regulatory T-cells<\/td><td>Nuclear<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HLA-DR<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"348\" height=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-1096\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/HLA-DR.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/HLA-DR.png 348w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/HLA-DR-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/HLA-DR-270x204.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/HLA-DR-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 348px) 100vw, 348px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"ce56e5ca-763a-4c5f-95e0-cdcfbd0b79ee\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#ce56e5ca-763a-4c5f-95e0-cdcfbd0b79ee\" id=\"ce56e5ca-763a-4c5f-95e0-cdcfbd0b79ee-link\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Antigen-presenting cells<\/td><td>Presents peptide <br>antigens<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Iba-1<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"111\" class=\"wp-image-1826\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild5.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild5.png 353w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild5-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild5-270x200.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Bild5-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"4ed1d4d2-bf7d-4c23-a6fe-bb2ee7b6cb2b\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#4ed1d4d2-bf7d-4c23-a6fe-bb2ee7b6cb2b\" id=\"4ed1d4d2-bf7d-4c23-a6fe-bb2ee7b6cb2b-link\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Microglia\/macrophage-<br>specific calcium-binding <br>protein<\/td><td>Involved with <br>membrane ruffling <br>and phagocytosis in <br>activated microglia<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ki-67<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"395\" height=\"319\" class=\"wp-image-1098\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Ki-67.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Ki-67.png 395w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Ki-67-300x242.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Ki-67-370x299.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Ki-67-270x218.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"5e452f4b-d117-4a0a-9287-f0de89982de8\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#5e452f4b-d117-4a0a-9287-f0de89982de8\" id=\"5e452f4b-d117-4a0a-9287-f0de89982de8-link\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Proliferation marker<\/td><td>Prevents aggregation <br>of mitotic <br>chromosomes<\/td><td>Nuclear<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>MLH1<br>MSH2<br>MSH6<br>PMS2<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"711\" height=\"474\" class=\"wp-image-1100\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/MLH1.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/MLH1.png 711w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/MLH1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/MLH1-370x247.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/MLH1-270x180.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/MLH1-570x380.png 570w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"eaa120f2-52a5-4e34-9892-1ce3be1fe467\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#eaa120f2-52a5-4e34-9892-1ce3be1fe467\" id=\"eaa120f2-52a5-4e34-9892-1ce3be1fe467-link\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Ubiquitously expressed<\/td><td>DNA mismatch repair <br>proteins<br>&nbsp;<br>Associated with <br>hereditary <br>nonpolyposis <br>colorectal cancer<\/td><td>Nuclear<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>NKp46<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"317\" height=\"218\" class=\"wp-image-1103\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/NKp46.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/NKp46.png 317w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/NKp46-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/NKp46-270x186.png 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 317px) 100vw, 317px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"e5fa15f9-42a4-4670-a763-147446adee28\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#e5fa15f9-42a4-4670-a763-147446adee28\" id=\"e5fa15f9-42a4-4670-a763-147446adee28-link\">34<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>NK cells<\/td><td>NK cell-activating <br>receptor that is <br>involved in the <br>elimination of target <br>cells<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>p53<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"415\" height=\"305\" class=\"wp-image-1104\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/p53.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/p53.png 415w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/p53-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/p53-370x272.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/p53-270x198.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/p53-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"6e4fdef1-b291-4a2c-955f-ab913def915c\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#6e4fdef1-b291-4a2c-955f-ab913def915c\" id=\"6e4fdef1-b291-4a2c-955f-ab913def915c-link\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Tumor suppressor <br>protein<\/td><td>Promotes cell cycle <br>arrest to allow DNA <br>repair and\/or <br>apoptosis to prevent <br>the propagation of <br>cells with serious <br>DNA damage.<br>&nbsp;<br>Most frequently <br>mutated gene <br>(&gt;50%) in human <br>cancer<\/td><td>Nuclear<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PD-1 <br>[CD279]<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1058\" height=\"623\" class=\"wp-image-1108\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-1.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-1.png 1058w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-1-300x177.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-1-1024x603.png 1024w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-1-768x452.png 768w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-1-370x218.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-1-270x159.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-1-570x336.png 570w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-1-740x436.png 740w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1058px) 100vw, 1058px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"a7eafb83-f070-48d7-b3d8-8f44077b4ec9\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#a7eafb83-f070-48d7-b3d8-8f44077b4ec9\" id=\"a7eafb83-f070-48d7-b3d8-8f44077b4ec9-link\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Activated T cells, <br>NK cells, <br>B lymphocytes, <br>macrophages, dendritic <br>cells, monocytes<\/td><td>Inhibits immune <br>responses and <br>promotes self-<br>tolerance through <br>modulating the <br>activity of T-cells<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PD-L1<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"613\" height=\"518\" class=\"wp-image-1109\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-L1.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-L1.png 613w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-L1-300x254.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-L1-370x313.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-L1-270x228.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/PD-L1-570x482.png 570w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px\" \/><br><sup data-fn=\"1fab5f49-f540-41b3-b15b-281ce42abae7\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#1fab5f49-f540-41b3-b15b-281ce42abae7\" id=\"1fab5f49-f540-41b3-b15b-281ce42abae7-link\">37<\/a><\/sup><\/td><td>Macrophages, some <br>activated T cells and B <br>cells, DCs, <br>epithelial cells<\/td><td>Co-inhibitory factor <br>of the immune <br>response<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TCR<\/td><td><\/td><td>T cell receptor<\/td><td>Functions in <br>recognizing bound <br>antigens derived <br>from a potentially <br>harmful pathogen <br>and elicits a distinct <br>and critical response<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>TER119<\/td><td><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"419\" height=\"315\" class=\"wp-image-1111\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/TER119.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/TER119.png 419w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/TER119-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/TER119-370x278.png 370w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/TER119-270x203.png 270w, https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/TER119-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><\/td><td>Erythrocytes<\/td><td>Associates with <br>glycophorin A<\/td><td>Surface <br>protein<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">List of immunohistochemical biomarkers<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Are you missing a certain marker or histology? Please leave a comment or write us an <a href=\"mikaia@iis.fraunhofer.de\">e-mail<\/a>&nbsp;! We\u2019ll be happy to add that to the list.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Source of feature image: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immunohistochemistry#\/media\/File:Main_staining_patterns_on_immunohistochemistry.jpg <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);color:#005a7e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">References<\/mark><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-footnotes\"><li id=\"70c85100-80db-4f8b-b04c-e386a0e6e023\">Pernick N. CD1-9. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd1.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024. <a href=\"#70c85100-80db-4f8b-b04c-e386a0e6e023-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"bb2fd6f7-6dc4-4ad3-ab5a-a50f2071d87b\">Fraunfeld L, Sch\u00fcrch CM. CD3. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd3.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024. <a href=\"#bb2fd6f7-6dc4-4ad3-ab5a-a50f2071d87b-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"189716ba-aeb5-473e-9cd2-cc79b339eab2\">Urbiztondo, Rebeccah. STUDIES OF GUT-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUES AND OTHER SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES IN 12 WEEK OLD NEW ZEALAND WHITE SPECIFIC PATHOGEN FREE RABBITS. 2010. Ohio State University, Master&#8217;s thesis. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center, http:\/\/rave.ohiolink.edu\/etdc\/view?acc_num=osu1282085851. <a href=\"#189716ba-aeb5-473e-9cd2-cc79b339eab2-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"986d2256-0500-44b0-9d79-1e512ef7208a\">Pernick N. CD1-9. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd1.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024 <a href=\"#986d2256-0500-44b0-9d79-1e512ef7208a-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"c0f34503-8b5e-4c30-95fb-7ce08f194925\">J\u00f8rgensen, N., Hviid, T.V.F., Nielsen, L.B. et al. Tumour-infiltrating CD4-, CD8- and FOXP3-positive immune cells as predictive markers of mortality in BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast cancer. Br J Cancer 125, 1388\u20131398 (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-021-01514-7\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-021-01514-7<\/a> <a href=\"#c0f34503-8b5e-4c30-95fb-7ce08f194925-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"82d52f25-826a-4224-8ce3-db15d98d97a5\">Lazareth, H., Henique, C., Lenoir, O. et al. The tetraspanin CD9 controls migration and proliferation of parietal epithelial cells and glomerular disease progression. Nat Commun 10, 3303 (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-11013-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-11013-2<\/a> <a href=\"#82d52f25-826a-4224-8ce3-db15d98d97a5-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 6\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"7620bc55-886d-4cce-a002-498a26b58d98\">Kadota, K., Villena-Vargas, J., Nitadori, Ji. et al. Tumoral CD10 Expression Correlates with Aggressive Histology and Prognosis in Patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Ann Surg Oncol 22, 3136\u20133143 (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-015-4374-x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-015-4374-x<\/a> <a href=\"#7620bc55-886d-4cce-a002-498a26b58d98-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 7\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"07fd0720-0c96-4d84-a3ea-64ace6ddad39\">Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a> <a href=\"#07fd0720-0c96-4d84-a3ea-64ace6ddad39-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 8\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"af9ba063-f04e-4d5d-9559-96df45f404f6\">Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a> <a href=\"#af9ba063-f04e-4d5d-9559-96df45f404f6-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 9\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"211abda3-c94e-49d6-bb11-c81057f123f9\">Jeffery M. Klco, Shashikant Kulkarni, Friederike H. Kreisel, Tu-Dung T. Nguyen, Anjum Hassan, John L. Frater, Immunohistochemical Analysis of Monocytic Leukemias: Usefulness of CD14 and Kr\u00fcppel-like Factor 4, a Novel Monocyte Marker, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 135, Issue 5, May 2011, Pages 720\u2013730, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1309\/AJCPZ46PMMAWJROT\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1309\/AJCPZ46PMMAWJROT<\/a> <a href=\"#211abda3-c94e-49d6-bb11-c81057f123f9-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 10\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"5848c3a3-c769-4541-b536-a56ca4e515c2\">Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a> <a href=\"#5848c3a3-c769-4541-b536-a56ca4e515c2-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 11\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"f533bd29-33f4-4053-b9c8-44b38558e500\">Zanelli, M., Zizzo, M., Mengoli, M.C. et al. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma and schistosomiasis: a rare simultaneous occurrence. Ann Hematol 98, 1511\u20131512 (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00277-018-3561-9\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00277-018-3561-9<\/a> <a href=\"#f533bd29-33f4-4053-b9c8-44b38558e500-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 12\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"f463ef6d-bf94-493c-a805-22362d87cd88\">Engel, Pablo &amp; G\u00f3mez-Puerta, Jos\u00e9 &amp; Ramos-Casals, Manuel &amp; Lozano, Francisco &amp; Bosch, Xavier. (2011). Therapeutic Targeting of B Cells for Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases. Pharmacological reviews. 63. 127-56. 10.1124\/pr.109.002006. <a href=\"#f463ef6d-bf94-493c-a805-22362d87cd88-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 13\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"ddfeb0c0-53e0-4c5b-9393-cc5bdff6c77c\">Smit, Laura &amp; Hallaert, Delfine &amp; Spijker, Ren\u00e9 &amp; Goeij, Bart &amp; Jaspers, Annelieke &amp; Kater, Arnon &amp; Oers, Marinus &amp; Noesel, C.J.M. &amp; Eldering, Eric. (2007). Differential Noxa\/Mcl-1 balance in peripheral versus lymph node chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells correlates with survival capacity. Blood. 109. 1660-8. 10.1182\/blood-2006-05-021683. <a href=\"#ddfeb0c0-53e0-4c5b-9393-cc5bdff6c77c-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 14\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"c7ff4ca6-172e-4042-82a9-d2eb8c3c8896\">Soave, D.F., Oliveira da Costa, J.P., da Silveira, G.G. et al. CD44\/CD24 immunophenotypes on clinicopathologic features of salivary glands malignant neoplasms. Diagn Pathol 8, 29 (2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-1596-8-29\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-1596-8-29<\/a> <a href=\"#c7ff4ca6-172e-4042-82a9-d2eb8c3c8896-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 15\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"f299b110-f359-4412-b01e-f8871f616b76\">Sakamoto, Yuma &amp; Ishida, Takashi &amp; Masaki, Ayako &amp; Takeshita, Morishige &amp; Iwasaki, Hiromi &amp; Yonekura, Kentaro &amp; Tashiro, Yukie &amp; Ito, Asahi &amp; Kusumoto, Shigeru &amp; Iida, Shinsuke &amp; Utsunomiya, Atae &amp; Ueda, Ryuzo &amp; Inagaki, Hiroshi. (2021). Clinicopathological significance of CD28 <a href=\"#f299b110-f359-4412-b01e-f8871f616b76-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 16\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"1db0bfd0-1e6e-4a2a-90db-41354536732b\">Marques-Piubelli ML, Miranda RN. CD30. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd30.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024. <a href=\"#1db0bfd0-1e6e-4a2a-90db-41354536732b-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 17\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"36d2fbd3-0cdb-4f85-a0a1-9e18e4823bc0\">Stuart L. CD31. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd31.html. Accessed January 23rd, 2024. <a href=\"#36d2fbd3-0cdb-4f85-a0a1-9e18e4823bc0-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 18\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"d739087f-6dc9-4588-af97-558e24df5380\">Al Amri R, Liu YC. Myeloid sarcoma. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/leukemiagranulocytic.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024. <a href=\"#d739087f-6dc9-4588-af97-558e24df5380-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 19\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"49a677ed-0b95-4888-9487-b490b207b27e\">Solass W. CD34. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd34.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024. <a href=\"#49a677ed-0b95-4888-9487-b490b207b27e-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 20\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"5ba8ce42-ad8a-4337-aabb-ffc02cb641dd\">Pernick N. CD30-39. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd30to39.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024. <a href=\"#5ba8ce42-ad8a-4337-aabb-ffc02cb641dd-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 21\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"5a2357bf-0492-459c-8853-b2c4cbca51a5\">Lv, F., He, Y., Xu, H. et al. CD36 aggravates podocyte injury by activating NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibiting autophagy in lupus nephritis. Cell Death Dis 13, 729 (2022). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-022-05179-9\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-022-05179-9<\/a> <a href=\"#5a2357bf-0492-459c-8853-b2c4cbca51a5-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 22\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"42e86f89-a880-44b0-b960-e20c18542f35\">Weijun Wei, Di Zhang, Cheng Wang, You Zhang, Shuxian An, Yumei Chen, Gang Huang, and Jianjun Liu, Molecular Pharmaceutics 2022 19 (10), 3502-3510, DOI: 10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00733 <a href=\"#42e86f89-a880-44b0-b960-e20c18542f35-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 23\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"8837a01e-0abc-4e86-ad3c-399c9e584624\">Sato, Y., Maekawa, K., Aman, M. et al. CD39 downregulation in chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology. Virchows Arch 475, 357\u2013364 (2019). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-019-02598-6\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-019-02598-6<\/a> <a href=\"#8837a01e-0abc-4e86-ad3c-399c9e584624-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 24\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"c623b8a0-3dcd-4885-8ae9-d0a0623c73d9\">Soave, D.F., Oliveira da Costa, J.P., da Silveira, G.G. et al. CD44\/CD24 immunophenotypes on clinicopathologic features of salivary glands malignant neoplasms. Diagn Pathol 8, 29 (2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-1596-8-29\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-1596-8-29<\/a> <a href=\"#c623b8a0-3dcd-4885-8ae9-d0a0623c73d9-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 25\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"851623cd-1591-46c4-9a02-ef220e9343d1\">Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a> <a href=\"#851623cd-1591-46c4-9a02-ef220e9343d1-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 26\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"f28b0ea0-1d34-40b4-a264-5767920e9a15\">Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a> <a href=\"#f28b0ea0-1d34-40b4-a264-5767920e9a15-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 27\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"342392ff-92dd-4773-8f0c-7908c04aa7be\">Pernick N. Estrogen receptor. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/stainser.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024 <a href=\"#342392ff-92dd-4773-8f0c-7908c04aa7be-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 28\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"c8922e61-c594-4347-a91d-10a6a6d99883\">J\u00f8rgensen, N., Hviid, T.V.F., Nielsen, L.B. et al. Tumour-infiltrating CD4-, CD8- and FOXP3-positive immune cells as predictive markers of mortality in BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast cancer. Br J Cancer 125, 1388\u20131398 (2021). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-021-01514-7\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-021-01514-7<\/a> <a href=\"#c8922e61-c594-4347-a91d-10a6a6d99883-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 29\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"ce56e5ca-763a-4c5f-95e0-cdcfbd0b79ee\">Redd, Lucas &amp; Schmelz, Monika &amp; Burack, Walter &amp; Cook, James &amp; Day, Antony &amp; Rimsza, Lisa. (2016). Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Shows Distinct Cytoplasmic Expression of Major Histocompatibility Class II Antigens. Journal of Hematopathology. 9. 10.1007\/s12308-016-0272-9. <a href=\"#ce56e5ca-763a-4c5f-95e0-cdcfbd0b79ee-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 30\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"4ed1d4d2-bf7d-4c23-a6fe-bb2ee7b6cb2b\">Annovazzi, Laura &amp; Mellai, Marta &amp; Bovio, Enrica &amp; Mazzetti, Samanta &amp; Pollo, Bianca &amp; Schiffer, Davide. (2017). Microglia immunophenotyping in gliomas. Oncology Letters. 15. 10.3892\/ol.2017.7386. <a href=\"#4ed1d4d2-bf7d-4c23-a6fe-bb2ee7b6cb2b-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 31\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"5e452f4b-d117-4a0a-9287-f0de89982de8\">Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a> <a href=\"#5e452f4b-d117-4a0a-9287-f0de89982de8-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 32\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"eaa120f2-52a5-4e34-9892-1ce3be1fe467\">Nakagawa, Hidewaki &amp; Lockman, Janet &amp; Frankel, Wendy &amp; Hampel, Heather &amp; Steenblock, Kelle &amp; Burgart, Lawrence &amp; Thibodeau, Stephen &amp; de la chapelle, Albert. (2004). Mismatch Repair Gene PMS2 Disease-Causing Germline Mutations Are Frequent in Patients Whose Tumors Stain Negative for PMS2 Protein, but Paralogous Genes Obscure Mutation Detection and Interpretation. Cancer research. 64. 4721-7. 10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-2879. <a href=\"#eaa120f2-52a5-4e34-9892-1ce3be1fe467-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 33\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"e5fa15f9-42a4-4670-a763-147446adee28\">Sips, M., Sciaranghella, G., Diefenbach, T. et al. Altered distribution of mucosal NK cells during HIV infection. Mucosal Immunol 5, 30\u201340 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mi.2011.40  <a href=\"#e5fa15f9-42a4-4670-a763-147446adee28-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 34\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"6e4fdef1-b291-4a2c-955f-ab913def915c\">Yemelyanova, A., Vang, R., Kshirsagar, M. et al. Immunohistochemical staining patterns of p53 can serve as a surrogate marker for TP53 mutations in ovarian carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and nucleotide sequencing analysis. Mod Pathol 24, 1248\u20131253 (2011). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.2011.85\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.2011.85<\/a> <a href=\"#6e4fdef1-b291-4a2c-955f-ab913def915c-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 35\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"a7eafb83-f070-48d7-b3d8-8f44077b4ec9\">Volaric AK, Silva O. Programmed death-1 (PD-1). PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/stainspd1.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024. <a href=\"#a7eafb83-f070-48d7-b3d8-8f44077b4ec9-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 36\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"1fab5f49-f540-41b3-b15b-281ce42abae7\">Akhtar, M., Rashid, S. &amp; Al-Bozom, I.A. PD\u2212L1 immunostaining: what pathologists need to know. Diagn Pathol 16, 94 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13000-021-01151-x <a href=\"#1fab5f49-f540-41b3-b15b-281ce42abae7-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 37\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide, and the evaluation of predictive and prognostic markers is crucial in its pathologic assessment. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is commonly used to evaluate biomarker status and guide the use of specific therapies. However, with over 41,800 publications on IHC biomarkers and 27,300 publications on cancer immunohistochemical markers indexed in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2283,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"Pernick N. CD1-9. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd1.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024.\",\"id\":\"70c85100-80db-4f8b-b04c-e386a0e6e023\"},{\"content\":\"Fraunfeld L, Sch\u00fcrch CM. CD3. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd3.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024.\",\"id\":\"bb2fd6f7-6dc4-4ad3-ab5a-a50f2071d87b\"},{\"content\":\"Urbiztondo, Rebeccah. STUDIES OF GUT-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUES AND OTHER SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES IN 12 WEEK OLD NEW ZEALAND WHITE SPECIFIC PATHOGEN FREE RABBITS. 2010. Ohio State University, Master's thesis. OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center, http:\/\/rave.ohiolink.edu\/etdc\/view?acc_num=osu1282085851.\",\"id\":\"189716ba-aeb5-473e-9cd2-cc79b339eab2\"},{\"content\":\"Pernick N. CD1-9. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd1.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024\",\"id\":\"986d2256-0500-44b0-9d79-1e512ef7208a\"},{\"content\":\"J\u00f8rgensen, N., Hviid, T.V.F., Nielsen, L.B. et al. Tumour-infiltrating CD4-, CD8- and FOXP3-positive immune cells as predictive markers of mortality in BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast cancer. Br J Cancer 125, 1388\u20131398 (2021). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-021-01514-7\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-021-01514-7<\/a>\",\"id\":\"c0f34503-8b5e-4c30-95fb-7ce08f194925\"},{\"content\":\"Lazareth, H., Henique, C., Lenoir, O. et al. The tetraspanin CD9 controls migration and proliferation of parietal epithelial cells and glomerular disease progression. Nat Commun 10, 3303 (2019). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-11013-2\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-11013-2<\/a>\",\"id\":\"82d52f25-826a-4224-8ce3-db15d98d97a5\"},{\"content\":\"Kadota, K., Villena-Vargas, J., Nitadori, Ji. et al. Tumoral CD10 Expression Correlates with Aggressive Histology and Prognosis in Patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Ann Surg Oncol 22, 3136\u20133143 (2015). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-015-4374-x\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-015-4374-x<\/a>\",\"id\":\"7620bc55-886d-4cce-a002-498a26b58d98\"},{\"content\":\"Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a>\",\"id\":\"07fd0720-0c96-4d84-a3ea-64ace6ddad39\"},{\"content\":\"Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a>\",\"id\":\"af9ba063-f04e-4d5d-9559-96df45f404f6\"},{\"content\":\"Jeffery M. Klco, Shashikant Kulkarni, Friederike H. Kreisel, Tu-Dung T. Nguyen, Anjum Hassan, John L. Frater, Immunohistochemical Analysis of Monocytic Leukemias: Usefulness of CD14 and Kr\u00fcppel-like Factor 4, a Novel Monocyte Marker, American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 135, Issue 5, May 2011, Pages 720\u2013730, <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1309\/AJCPZ46PMMAWJROT\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1309\/AJCPZ46PMMAWJROT<\/a>\",\"id\":\"211abda3-c94e-49d6-bb11-c81057f123f9\"},{\"content\":\"Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a>\",\"id\":\"5848c3a3-c769-4541-b536-a56ca4e515c2\"},{\"content\":\"Zanelli, M., Zizzo, M., Mengoli, M.C. et al. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma and schistosomiasis: a rare simultaneous occurrence. Ann Hematol 98, 1511\u20131512 (2019). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00277-018-3561-9\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00277-018-3561-9<\/a>\",\"id\":\"f533bd29-33f4-4053-b9c8-44b38558e500\"},{\"content\":\"Engel, Pablo &amp; G\u00f3mez-Puerta, Jos\u00e9 &amp; Ramos-Casals, Manuel &amp; Lozano, Francisco &amp; Bosch, Xavier. (2011). Therapeutic Targeting of B Cells for Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases. Pharmacological reviews. 63. 127-56. 10.1124\/pr.109.002006.\",\"id\":\"f463ef6d-bf94-493c-a805-22362d87cd88\"},{\"content\":\"Smit, Laura &amp; Hallaert, Delfine &amp; Spijker, Ren\u00e9 &amp; Goeij, Bart &amp; Jaspers, Annelieke &amp; Kater, Arnon &amp; Oers, Marinus &amp; Noesel, C.J.M. &amp; Eldering, Eric. (2007). Differential Noxa\/Mcl-1 balance in peripheral versus lymph node chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells correlates with survival capacity. Blood. 109. 1660-8. 10.1182\/blood-2006-05-021683.\",\"id\":\"ddfeb0c0-53e0-4c5b-9393-cc5bdff6c77c\"},{\"content\":\"Soave, D.F., Oliveira da Costa, J.P., da Silveira, G.G. et al. CD44\/CD24 immunophenotypes on clinicopathologic features of salivary glands malignant neoplasms. Diagn Pathol 8, 29 (2013). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-1596-8-29\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-1596-8-29<\/a>\",\"id\":\"c7ff4ca6-172e-4042-82a9-d2eb8c3c8896\"},{\"content\":\"Sakamoto, Yuma &amp; Ishida, Takashi &amp; Masaki, Ayako &amp; Takeshita, Morishige &amp; Iwasaki, Hiromi &amp; Yonekura, Kentaro &amp; Tashiro, Yukie &amp; Ito, Asahi &amp; Kusumoto, Shigeru &amp; Iida, Shinsuke &amp; Utsunomiya, Atae &amp; Ueda, Ryuzo &amp; Inagaki, Hiroshi. (2021). Clinicopathological significance of CD28\",\"id\":\"f299b110-f359-4412-b01e-f8871f616b76\"},{\"content\":\"Marques-Piubelli ML, Miranda RN. CD30. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd30.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024.\",\"id\":\"1db0bfd0-1e6e-4a2a-90db-41354536732b\"},{\"content\":\"Stuart L. CD31. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd31.html. Accessed January 23rd, 2024.\",\"id\":\"36d2fbd3-0cdb-4f85-a0a1-9e18e4823bc0\"},{\"content\":\"Al Amri R, Liu YC. Myeloid sarcoma. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/leukemiagranulocytic.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024.\",\"id\":\"d739087f-6dc9-4588-af97-558e24df5380\"},{\"content\":\"Solass W. CD34. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd34.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024.\",\"id\":\"49a677ed-0b95-4888-9487-b490b207b27e\"},{\"content\":\"Pernick N. CD30-39. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/cdmarkerscd30to39.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024.\",\"id\":\"5ba8ce42-ad8a-4337-aabb-ffc02cb641dd\"},{\"content\":\"Lv, F., He, Y., Xu, H. et al. CD36 aggravates podocyte injury by activating NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibiting autophagy in lupus nephritis. Cell Death Dis 13, 729 (2022). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-022-05179-9\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-022-05179-9<\/a>\",\"id\":\"5a2357bf-0492-459c-8853-b2c4cbca51a5\"},{\"content\":\"Weijun Wei, Di Zhang, Cheng Wang, You Zhang, Shuxian An, Yumei Chen, Gang Huang, and Jianjun Liu, Molecular Pharmaceutics 2022 19 (10), 3502-3510, DOI: 10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00733\",\"id\":\"42e86f89-a880-44b0-b960-e20c18542f35\"},{\"content\":\"Sato, Y., Maekawa, K., Aman, M. et al. CD39 downregulation in chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology. Virchows Arch 475, 357\u2013364 (2019). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-019-02598-6\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-019-02598-6<\/a>\",\"id\":\"8837a01e-0abc-4e86-ad3c-399c9e584624\"},{\"content\":\"Soave, D.F., Oliveira da Costa, J.P., da Silveira, G.G. et al. CD44\/CD24 immunophenotypes on clinicopathologic features of salivary glands malignant neoplasms. Diagn Pathol 8, 29 (2013). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-1596-8-29\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-1596-8-29<\/a>\",\"id\":\"c623b8a0-3dcd-4885-8ae9-d0a0623c73d9\"},{\"content\":\"Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a>\",\"id\":\"851623cd-1591-46c4-9a02-ef220e9343d1\"},{\"content\":\"Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a>\",\"id\":\"f28b0ea0-1d34-40b4-a264-5767920e9a15\"},{\"content\":\"Pernick N. Estrogen receptor. PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/stainser.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024\",\"id\":\"342392ff-92dd-4773-8f0c-7908c04aa7be\"},{\"content\":\"J\u00f8rgensen, N., Hviid, T.V.F., Nielsen, L.B. et al. Tumour-infiltrating CD4-, CD8- and FOXP3-positive immune cells as predictive markers of mortality in BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast cancer. Br J Cancer 125, 1388\u20131398 (2021). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-021-01514-7\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-021-01514-7<\/a>\",\"id\":\"c8922e61-c594-4347-a91d-10a6a6d99883\"},{\"content\":\"Redd, Lucas &amp; Schmelz, Monika &amp; Burack, Walter &amp; Cook, James &amp; Day, Antony &amp; Rimsza, Lisa. (2016). Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Shows Distinct Cytoplasmic Expression of Major Histocompatibility Class II Antigens. Journal of Hematopathology. 9. 10.1007\/s12308-016-0272-9.\",\"id\":\"ce56e5ca-763a-4c5f-95e0-cdcfbd0b79ee\"},{\"content\":\"Annovazzi, Laura &amp; Mellai, Marta &amp; Bovio, Enrica &amp; Mazzetti, Samanta &amp; Pollo, Bianca &amp; Schiffer, Davide. (2017). Microglia immunophenotyping in gliomas. Oncology Letters. 15. 10.3892\/ol.2017.7386.\",\"id\":\"4ed1d4d2-bf7d-4c23-a6fe-bb2ee7b6cb2b\"},{\"content\":\"Niku, M., Ekman, A., Pessa-Morikawa, T. et al. Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues. BMC Vet Res 2, 5 (2006). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-2-5<\/a>\",\"id\":\"5e452f4b-d117-4a0a-9287-f0de89982de8\"},{\"content\":\"Nakagawa, Hidewaki &amp; Lockman, Janet &amp; Frankel, Wendy &amp; Hampel, Heather &amp; Steenblock, Kelle &amp; Burgart, Lawrence &amp; Thibodeau, Stephen &amp; de la chapelle, Albert. (2004). Mismatch Repair Gene PMS2 Disease-Causing Germline Mutations Are Frequent in Patients Whose Tumors Stain Negative for PMS2 Protein, but Paralogous Genes Obscure Mutation Detection and Interpretation. Cancer research. 64. 4721-7. 10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-2879.\",\"id\":\"eaa120f2-52a5-4e34-9892-1ce3be1fe467\"},{\"content\":\"Sips, M., Sciaranghella, G., Diefenbach, T. et al. Altered distribution of mucosal NK cells during HIV infection. Mucosal Immunol 5, 30\u201340 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mi.2011.40 \",\"id\":\"e5fa15f9-42a4-4670-a763-147446adee28\"},{\"content\":\"Yemelyanova, A., Vang, R., Kshirsagar, M. et al. Immunohistochemical staining patterns of p53 can serve as a surrogate marker for TP53 mutations in ovarian carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and nucleotide sequencing analysis. Mod Pathol 24, 1248\u20131253 (2011). <a href=\\\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.2011.85\\\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.2011.85<\/a>\",\"id\":\"6e4fdef1-b291-4a2c-955f-ab913def915c\"},{\"content\":\"Volaric AK, Silva O. Programmed death-1 (PD-1). PathologyOutlines.com website. https:\/\/www.pathologyoutlines.com\/topic\/stainspd1.html. Accessed January 18th, 2024.\",\"id\":\"a7eafb83-f070-48d7-b3d8-8f44077b4ec9\"},{\"content\":\"Akhtar, M., Rashid, S. &amp; Al-Bozom, I.A. PD\u2212L1 immunostaining: what pathologists need to know. Diagn Pathol 16, 94 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13000-021-01151-x\",\"id\":\"1fab5f49-f540-41b3-b15b-281ce42abae7\"}]"},"categories":[3,35],"tags":[89,87],"coauthors":[54],"class_list":["post-1017","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-digital-pathology","category-life-science","tag-glossary","tag-ihc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>IHC Staining and Molecular Biomarkers - SMART SENSING insights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"IHC biomarkers are essential for cancer treatment decisions, but it&#039;s impossible to know them all. We&#039;ve created an overview for IHC staining.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/websites.fraunhofer.de\/smart-sensing-insights\/ihc-markers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"IHC Staining and Molecular Biomarkers - SMART SENSING insights\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"IHC biomarkers are essential for cancer treatment decisions, but it&#039;s impossible to know them all. 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