Liquified Natural Gas - LNG - Versionsgeschichte

Mras: /* H2S and CO2 removal */

2012-06-15T09:15:22Z

‎H2S and CO2 removal

Mras: /* Auto refrigerant cascade cycle */

2012-06-13T09:07:52Z

‎Auto refrigerant cascade cycle

Mras: /* Classical cascade cycle */

2012-06-13T09:07:11Z

‎Classical cascade cycle

Mras: /* Liquefaction of the mine gas */

2012-06-13T09:06:43Z

‎Liquefaction of the mine gas

Mras: /* H2S and CO2 removal */

2012-06-13T09:06:01Z

‎H2S and CO2 removal

Mras: /* Characteristics of LNG */

2012-06-13T09:05:20Z

‎Characteristics of LNG

Helm: /* Examples of Use */

2012-05-01T13:11:34Z

‎Examples of Use

Helm: /* Examples of Use */

2012-05-01T13:09:12Z

‎Examples of Use

Helm: /* Examples of Use */

2012-05-01T13:07:24Z

‎Examples of Use

Helm: /* Examples of Use */

2012-05-01T13:06:28Z

‎Examples of Use

@@ Zeile 23: / Zeile 23: @@
 Therefore gas must be dried before further processing. In the case of high-methane content gas liquefaction, the drying must be very deep to the level <1 ppm.
-===H2S and CO2 removal===
+===H<sub>2</sub>S and CO<sub>2</sub> removal===
 Hydrogen sulfide as well as other sulfur compounds e.g. mercaptans must be eliminated from CMM due to the following reasons:

@@ Zeile 59: / Zeile 59: @@
 ===Auto refrigerant cascade cycle===
-This method is a classical cascade technology. However, only one compressor and one refrigerant are applied. The refrigerant is a mixture of hydrocarbons extracted from the C2+ fraction condensed from its methane fraction.
+This method is a classical cascade technology. However, only one compressor and one refrigerant are applied. The refrigerant is a mixture of hydrocarbons extracted from the C<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> fraction condensed from its methane fraction.
 A mixed refrigerant cascade train with propane cycle pre-cooling consumes about 0,6 kWh/kg LNG. It is by several per cent more than the classical cascade process. Another important advantage of this system is the production of the circulating refrigerant directly from the liquefied natural gas.
 ===Decompression cycle===

@@ Zeile 54: / Zeile 54: @@
 ===Classical cascade cycle ===
-The task of the classical cascade process is cooling the natural gas in three refrigeration cycles. Propane, ethane and methane are used as refrigerants. Feed gas stream purified from water and CO2 content flows under the pressure of 3-4 MPa into a train of cryogenic exchangers. It is cooled in three successively lower refrigeration levels forming a cascade train.
+The task of the classical cascade process is cooling the natural gas in three refrigeration cycles. Propane, ethane and methane are used as refrigerants. Feed gas stream purified from water and CO<sub>2</sub> content flows under the pressure of 3-4 MPa into a train of cryogenic exchangers. It is cooled in three successively lower refrigeration levels forming a cascade train.
-After decompression each of the refrigerant streams (propane, ethane, methane) undergoes a successive, several-stage compression to increase the energy savings of the process. Low energy consumption is the primary advantage of the classic cascade method. About 0,5 kWh is used to liquefy 1 m3 of gas. All these requirements result in high operational costs of the installation.
+After decompression each of the refrigerant streams (propane, ethane, methane) undergoes a successive, several-stage compression to increase the energy savings of the process. Low energy consumption is the primary advantage of the classic cascade method. About 0,5 kWh is used to liquefy 1 m<sup>3</sup> of gas. All these requirements result in high operational costs of the installation.
 ===Auto refrigerant cascade cycle===

@@ Zeile 47: / Zeile 47: @@
 ==Liquefaction of the mine gas==
-The choice of the gas liquefaction technology depends on the desired efficiency performance of the installation, gas composition (content of CO2, H2S, N2, heavier hydrocarbons) and its pressure. There are three hydrocarbon gas liquefaction technologies presented in the literature sources:
+The choice of the gas liquefaction technology depends on the desired efficiency performance of the installation, gas composition (content of CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, N<sub>2</sub>, heavier hydrocarbons) and its pressure. There are three hydrocarbon gas liquefaction technologies presented in the literature sources:
 ::•	classical cascade cycle;
 ::•	auto refrigerant cascade cycle (using mixed refrigerant of hydrocarbons extracted from the liquefied gas);

@@ Zeile 26: / Zeile 26: @@
 Hydrogen sulfide as well as other sulfur compounds e.g. mercaptans must be eliminated from CMM due to the following reasons:
-::•	The toxic properties of hydrogen sulfide disqualify the gas with H2S content for household use.
+::•	The toxic properties of hydrogen sulfide disqualify the gas with H<sub>2</sub>S content for household use.
 ::•	Hydrogen sulfide causes intensive metal corrosion. Therefore its presence in the gas results in damages of the fittings and the gas processing installation.
-::•	The purify specifications for gas application for chemical syntheses regarding hydrogen sulfide are very high as it is toxic for the catalysts. Moreover, the presence of H2S in the raw material may affect the quality of the obtained chemical product.
+::•	The purify specifications for gas application for chemical syntheses regarding hydrogen sulfide are very high as it is toxic for the catalysts. Moreover, the presence of H<sub>2</sub>S in the raw material may affect the quality of the obtained chemical product.
 The above mentioned reasons indicate that hydrogen sulfide removal from high-methane gas is a technological necessity.
-If contained in the gas, carbon dioxide is removed together with hydrogen sulfide. In the case of low temperature gas processing, there is a risk of CO2 solidification which may cause stoppage in the fittings
+If contained in the gas, carbon dioxide is removed together with hydrogen sulfide. In the case of low temperature gas processing, there is a risk of CO<sub>2</sub> solidification which may cause stoppage in the fittings
 ===Degasolination===

@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
 == Characteristics of LNG ==
-LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas – is a clear, odorless, colorless, non-corrosive and non-toxic, cryogenic fuel which is composed primarily of methane and be stored below methane’s boiling point, -161ºC, at near atmospheric pressure. At this temperature and pressure the methane exists as a liquid. Depending on the composition of the feed gas, the volume ratio between the gaseous state and the liquid state is about 600:1. This makes LNG suitable for storage and transportation in large quantities. The heating value of LNG is estimated to a lower heating value of about 21000 MJ/m3.
+LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas – is a clear, odorless, colorless, non-corrosive and non-toxic, cryogenic fuel which is composed primarily of methane and be stored below methane’s boiling point, -161ºC, at near atmospheric pressure. At this temperature and pressure the methane exists as a liquid. Depending on the composition of the feed gas, the volume ratio between the gaseous state and the liquid state is about 600:1. This makes LNG suitable for storage and transportation in large quantities. The heating value of LNG is estimated to a lower heating value of about 21000 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>.
 LNG is very efficient as energy carrier and so there are some advantages to use it.
 ::•	Environmentally friendly - methane, a dangerous greenhouse gas, is captured and processed instead of vented to the atmosphere.

@@ Zeile 71: / Zeile 71: @@
 ::•[http://www.statoil.com/en/NewsAndMedia/News/2007/Pages/LngShipSnohvit.aspx Snøhvit, Norway: The project is an example for offshore LNG utilization and starts in the fourth quarter of 2007. The capacity of the LNG venture is 4.3 million tonnes per annum.] <br />
-::•Krupinski Coal Mine near Katowice, Poland: Planned for conversion of10000 Gallons of LNG per day.
+::•[http://www.ietu.katowice.pl/LNG2M/index_en.php?c=4&rp=0 Krupinski Coal Mine near Katowice, Poland: Planned for conversion of10000 Gallons of LNG per day.] <br />
-::•Kwinana LNG Plant, Western Australia: Since August 2009 the plan was started up by Wesfarmers Energy which liquefied 175 t LNG per day.
+::•[http://www.wesfarmersenergy.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=29&ContentID=51 Kwinana LNG Plant, Western Australia: Since August 2009 the plan was started up by Wesfarmers Energy which liquefied 175 t LNG per day.] <br />

@@ Zeile 70: / Zeile 70: @@
 ==Examples of Use ==
-::•Snøhvit, Norway: The project is an example for offshore LNG utilization and starts in the fourth quarter of 2007. The capacity of the LNG venture is 4.3 million tonnes per annum.[http://www.statoil.com/en/NewsAndMedia/News/2007/Pages/LngShipSnohvit.aspx
+::•[http://www.statoil.com/en/NewsAndMedia/News/2007/Pages/LngShipSnohvit.aspx Snøhvit, Norway: The project is an example for offshore LNG utilization and starts in the fourth quarter of 2007. The capacity of the LNG venture is 4.3 million tonnes per annum.] <br />
-::•Krupinski Coal Mine near Katowice, Poland: Planned for conversion of10000 Gallons of LNG per day.<br />
+::•Krupinski Coal Mine near Katowice, Poland: Planned for conversion of10000 Gallons of LNG per day.
 ::•Kwinana LNG Plant, Western Australia: Since August 2009 the plan was started up by Wesfarmers Energy which liquefied 175 t LNG per day.