Financial aspects - Versionsgeschichte

Mras: /* Poland */

2012-06-15T08:44:38Z

‎Poland

Mras: /* Ukraine */

2012-06-14T14:11:00Z

‎Ukraine

Mras: /* Ukraine */

2012-06-14T14:10:29Z

‎Ukraine

Mras am 13. Juni 2012 um 07:29 Uhr

2012-06-13T07:29:12Z

Mras am 12. Juni 2012 um 14:44 Uhr

2012-06-12T14:44:56Z

Mras am 12. Juni 2012 um 14:20 Uhr

2012-06-12T14:20:15Z

Änderungen zeigen

Mras: /* Ukraine */

2012-06-01T12:00:12Z

‎Ukraine

Mras: /* Ukraine */

2012-06-01T11:59:43Z

‎Ukraine

Backhaus: /* Poland */

2012-05-14T08:24:15Z

‎Poland

Backhaus: /* Poland */

2012-05-14T08:23:12Z

‎Poland

@@ Zeile 125: / Zeile 125: @@
 The accession to the EU made many resources available for business in Poland. Companies were enabled to obtain support in order to realize projects at different levels – small projects in regional programmes and bigger projects in nationwide programmes. The description of different programmes are presented in the following pdf [[Datei:Poland_ability_to_raise_project_financing.pdf]]
-'''Impelmentaion of Kyoto Protocol'''
+In the last years a public funding called Eco Fund Grant was possible. At the moment this ECO fund does not exist any more.
-The impelmentaion of Kyoto Protocol is found at http://ji.unfccc.int/JI_Projects/ProjectInfo.html . Choose Poland. In March 2012 20 project under track 1 are registrated, 0 under track 2.
 === Romania ===

@@ Zeile 192: / Zeile 192: @@
 At the moment (2012) there are no possibilities of national funding for CMM projects.
-For the implementation of a CMM project the following possibilities of financing could be checked:
+In generell, for the implementation of a CMM project the following possibilities of financing could be checked:
 * Private investments (direct or indirect)

← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 14. Juni 2012, 14:10 Uhr
Zeile 191:		Zeile 191:

	At the moment (2012) there are no possibilities of national funding for CMM projects.		At the moment (2012) there are no possibilities of national funding for CMM projects.
		+
		+	For the implementation of a CMM project the following possibilities of financing could be checked:
		+
		+	* Private investments (direct or indirect)
		+	* Specialized investment funds
		+	* Grants (international, national, local)
		+	* Bank loans

	'''Interesting facts (2012)'''		'''Interesting facts (2012)'''

@@ Zeile 221: / Zeile 221: @@
-In Germany coal mining will we finished in 2018.
+In Germany coal mines will be exploited in 2018.
-The first utilisation of CMM from an abandoned mine has started in 1998 in Herne. The first Concession for production of CMM in Germany (Christemark) was issued in 1999.
+The first utilisation of CMM from an abandoned mine has started in Herne 1998. The first production concession for CMM in Germany (Christemark) was issued in 1999.
 [[Bild:Concessions-CMM-NRW.jpg|thumb|400px|CMM Consessions in NRW]]
-Then a run to this consessions started.
+This caused a run for these concessions.
 In many areas, places of CMM release are known. So the decetion of methane can be verified by the applicant.
-More information about conditions for the utilisation of CMM in active an abandoned mine you find at http://www.bezreg-arnsberg.nrw.de/themen/k/klimaschutz_grubengas/index.php.
+More information about the conditions for the utilisation of CMM in active and abandoned mines is found on http://www.bezreg-arnsberg.nrw.de/themen/k/klimaschutz_grubengas/index.php.
@@ Zeile 236: / Zeile 236: @@
 '''Methane recovery and utilization in abandoned coal mines'''
-The recovery and utilization of CMM takes place predominantly with standardized modules in a containerized design. The systems consist of an extraction module, that first extracts gas from the mine and then compresses and usually serve several cogeneration engines modules in which the methane is burned. The modules have mostly an installed electrical power of 1 to 1.3 MW. (Source: Bez.-Reg. Anrsberg)
+The recovery and utilization of CMM is performed predominantly with standardized modules in a containerized design. The systems consist of an extraction module that first extracts gas from the mine and then compress it and usually serves several cogeneration engines modules in which the methane is burned. Most modules have an installed electrical power of 1 to 1.3 MW. (Source: Bez.-Reg. Arnsberg)
-To recover the mine gas the extraction system requires a connecting to the mine. If possible, the compressor stations suck gas from the coal mine using a degassing pipe in an filled shaft. The degassing extend through the sealing of shafts into the open areas of the abandoned underground mine and represent a specific safe gas discharge.
+To recover the mine gas, the extraction system requires a connection to the mine. If possible, the compressor stations suck gas from the coal mine using a degassing pipe in an filled shaft. The degassing extends through the sealing of shafts into the open areas of the abandoned underground mine and represent a specific safe gas discharge.
-If there is no venting pipe to suitable old mining areas a new borehole has to be created. Since 2000 until today in the Ruhr area slightly more than 20 wells were drilled into old abandoned mines. The risk of such holes is much higher than the connection by a venting pipe, because a very high accuracy is required.
+If there is no venting pipe to suitable old mining areas a new borehole has to be created. From 2000 until today slightly more than 20 wells have been drilled into old abandoned mines in the Ruhr region. The risk of such holes is much higher than the connection by a venting pipe, because a very high accuracy is required.
 Power production from CMM in North Rhine Westfalia (NRW)
-This first installation at an abandoned mine started in 1997 in Herne. This system ran until 2011 when the waterlevel in the mine had reached the end of the degassing pipe. More information
+The first installation at an abandoned mine started in Herne 1997. This system was operated until 2011 when the water level in the mine had reached the end of the degassing pipe. More information
 http://www.stadtwerke-herne.de/index/unternehmen/umwelt/grubengasprojekte.html
 [[Bild:Number-CMM-CHP-NRW.jpg|thumb|400px|Number of gas engines in NRW]]
-In NRW all power production from CMM is made by gas engines. In Ibbenbüren CMM is also utilised in a conventional Steam process. Mostly motors are used with an output of 1 to 1,3 MW. The great majority is created as a container plant.
+In NRW all power production from CMM is generated by gas engines. In Ibbenbüren CMM is also utilised in a conventional steam process. Mostly motors with an output of 1 to 1,3 MW are used. The great majority is created as a container plant.
 [[Bild:Gasmotor_3D-kl.jpg|Gas engine in container]]
-This kind of insulation can be transported easily. More than 10 years experience showed that it is economically necessary that the motor system is containerised. Especially in case of abandoned mines, the quantity of gas varies with time. It is therefore necessary to adjust the installation.
+This kind of insulation can be transported easily. More than 10 years experience have shown that it is economically necessary that the motor system is containerised. Especially in case of abandoned mines, the quantity of gas varies with time. It is therefore required to adjust the installation.
@@ Zeile 290: / Zeile 290: @@
 '''Introduction for CMM engine systems'''
-Internal-combustion (IC) engines are able to accommodate to gas streams with a wide range of methane concentrations. Some CMM sources are mixed with air or with inert components like N2 and CO2, especially in gob gas. The size and generation capacity of an IC engine varies in a quite large range. Typical CMM powered engines have a capacity between 250 kW and 5000 kW. The gensets smaller than 2000 kW per unit are mostly installed in containers.
+Internal-combustion (IC) engines are able to process gas streams with a wide range of methane concentrations. Some CMM sources are mixed with air or with inert components sucgh as N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>, especially in gob gas. The size and generation capacity of an IC engine varies quite widely. Typical CMM powered engines have a capacity between 250 kW and 5000 kW. The gensets smaller than 2000 kW per unit are mostly installed in containers.
-In principal a genset consists of the combustion engine, a generator, the coupling, a base frame and an elastic mountings arrangement. The engine and generator are rigidly mounted on the base frame. This unit is used as a combined heat and power (CHP) to generate electricity and heat.
+Basically, a genset consists of the combustion engine, a generator, the coupling, a base frame and an elastic mountings arrangement. The engine and generator are rigidly mounted on the base frame. This unit is used as a combined heat and power plant (CHP) to generate electricity and heat.
-The specifications for individual engines vary depending on the gas components and on the construction. Standard IC engines can run on gas with a methane concentration down to 40% methane in the entrance gas. If the content of methane is less than 40% specific engines have to be used, which can operate with methane concentrations down to 25%. It is important to adjust the correct ratio of O2, CO2 and N2 in order to gain a useable gas mixture. CO2 and N2 act like a fire extinguisher. On the other hand oxygen is essential for the combustion but utilisation of this gas mixture with high oxygen levels is very difficult and exceptional.
+The specifications for individual engines vary depending on the gas components and on the construction. Standard IC engines can run on gas with a methane concentration down to 40% methane in the entrance gas. If the content of methane is less than 40% specific engines have to be used, that can be operated with methane concentrations down to 25%. It is important to adjust the correct ratio of O<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> in order to gain a useable gas mixture. CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> act like a fire extinguisher. On the other hand oxygen is essential for the combustion but utilisation of this gas mixture with high oxygen levels is very difficult and exceptional.
-The mixture-system, as a crucial subsystem of the genset, prepares an air-methane mixture with a methane content of about 7 % in the mixture, which is able to be burned in the cylinder afterwards. It has to work on quick response, so that the changes in the gas composition can be considered, in order to avoid damages of the engine.
+The mixture-system, as a crucial subsystem of the genset, prepares an air-methane mixture with a methane content of about 7% in the mixture, which is able to be burned in the cylinder afterwards. It has to work on quick response, so that the changes in the gas composition can be considered and damages of the engine avoided.
-The mode of operation depends on the local conditions and for CMM fuelled gas engines especially on the available gas volume. An efficient operation of the genset is possible with loads higher than 80. The minimum of 50% is desired due to avoid damages.
+The mode of operation depends on the local conditions and for CMM fuelled gas engines especially on the available gas volume. An efficient operation of the genset is possible with loads higher than 80. The minimum of 50% is desired to avoid damages.
@@ Zeile 313: / Zeile 313: @@
 •	Heat distribution systems are very expensive and
-•	The heat price is not competitive
+•	the heat price is not competitive
@@ Zeile 320: / Zeile 320: @@
 Methane is 21 times more harmful than CO2 as a greenhouse gas. Therefore, a high emission reduction is achieved through the use of CMM. The diagram shows the reduction in the years 2001 to 2011.
-In 2005 it became clear that CMM projects in Germany are not allowed to participate in emissions trading. Due to lack of incentives in the following years there is no growing trend anymore.
+In 2005 it turned out that CMM projects in Germany are not allowed to participate in emissions trading. Due to the lack of incentives in the following years there is no growth in this field anymore.
 [[Bild:Avoided-GHG-emissions-CMM-NRW.jpg|thumb|400px|Avoided GHG emissions by CMM utulisation in NRW]]

@@ Zeile 169: / Zeile 169: @@
 Gas and oil are the two major sources of energy in Russia, followed by coal. The importance of coal has been reduced from the 1960s on, due to the discovery of huge oil and gas deposits. Nevertheless coal production, as well as power generation from coal, is forecasted to rise. Russia is also the world's largest exporter of natural gas, the second largest oil exporter and the third largest energy consumer.
-For more information on energy politics, including energy production and consumption in Russia, CMM projects and coal mining industry see  [[Datei:Russia_energy_politics.pdf]]
+For more information on energy politicy, including energy production and consumption in Russia, CMM projects and coal mining industry see  [[Datei:Russia_energy_politics.pdf]]
 === Ukraine ===
@@ Zeile 177: / Zeile 177: @@
 '''Economic situation'''
-Ukraine has a population of 46 Million and the GDP in 2008 was 180 billion US $. The country heavily depends on the export of non-precious metals, machinery and equipment and food/agricultural products. By the fall of 2008, the global financial crisis exposed Ukraine’s inherent macroeconomic vulnerabilities and led to an economic crisis. Ukraine’s industrial output sank by 34.1% year on year in January. March-April 2009 Standard and Poor’s data showed that the pace of economic decline in a number of sectors has slowed. Inflation has notably decelerated, the national currency has stabilized. Ukraine’s rating was then the lowest in Europe and on a par with Pakistan. S&P left Ukraine’s outlook negative.
+Ukraine has a population of 46 million inhabitants, while the GDP in 2008 came to 180 billion US $. The country heavily depends on the export of non-precious metals, machinery and equipment and food/agricultural products. Due to the economic downturn in 2008 and the global financial crisis, Ukraine’s inherent macroeconomic vulnerabilities were exposed and led to an economic crisis. Ukraine’s industrial output fell by 34.1% year on year in January. March-April 2009 Standard and Poor’s data showed that the pace of economic decline in a number of sectors has slowed down. Inflation has notably decelerated, the national currency has stabilized. Ukraine’s rating was then the lowest in Europe and on a par with Pakistan. S&P left Ukraine’s outlook negative.
-For further information on economic situation with all its data, especially with prices for carbon credits and for fossil fuels, power and heat costs, the country rating, currency situation for the based year, see  [[Datei:Ukraine_economic_situationI.pdf]]
+For further information on economic situation with all data, especially prices for carbon credits and for fossil fuels, power and heat costs, the country rating, currency situation for the based year, refer to  [[Datei:Ukraine_economic_situationI.pdf]]
 It is extremely difficult to rely on the Ukraine´s government for financial support in CMM projects. Further privatization of the industry and creating a healthy competitive environment would change this situation, but this is not a fast process. State mines are subsidized and are not able to bring their own means. Raising credit from Ukrainian banks is not possible because of high lending rates. The investment in full is made by Western JI-partners (at the expense of future ERU’s) without any guarantee and with a 100% risk of the investor.
@@ Zeile 185: / Zeile 185: @@
 '''Implementation status of Kyoto protocol'''
-The country doesn’t have to support any specific measures to fulfil its commitments with regards to the Kyoto ProtocolT which is justified in the economic downturn after the end of the Soviet Union. Nevertheless there is a national plan of measures on fulfilment of provisions of the Kyoto Protocol.
+The country doesn’t have to support any specific measures to fulfil its commitments set out in the Kyoto Protocol which is justified by the economic downturn after the end of the Soviet Union. Nevertheless there is a national plan of measures for the fulfilment of provisions of the Kyoto Protocol.
-The aims of fulfilment of provisions of the Kyoto protocol, as well as JI projects and their regulations, especially projects for development of non-traditional and renewable energy are described in  [[Datei:Ukraine_implementation_kyoto_protocol.pdf]]
+The targeted fulfilment of provisions of the Kyoto protocol, as well as JI projects and their regulations, especially projects for development of non-traditional and renewable energy are described in  [[Datei:Ukraine_implementation_kyoto_protocol.pdf]]
 '''National funding for CMM projects'''
@@ Zeile 204: / Zeile 204: @@
 '''Economic situation'''
-The United Kingdom is still the sixth largest in the world in purchasing power. It is partner and member of the European Union G7, G8 and G20 and the Commonwealth, but not the European Monetary Union. The city of London is regarded as the most important and the biggest financial center of the global economy. Main exports are manufactured goods, chemicals and foodstuffs.
+The United Kingdom is still the sixth largest economy in the world in purchasing power. It is partner and member of the European Union G7, G8 and G20 and the Commonwealth, but not of the European Monetary Union. The city of London is regarded as the most important and the biggest financial center of the global economy. Main exports are manufactured goods, chemicals and foodstuffs.
-Important information on the economy situation, including country rating and local currency situation you will find here  [[Datei:UK_economic_situation_I.pdf]]
+Important information on the economic situation, including country rating and local currency situation you will find here  [[Datei:UK_economic_situation_I.pdf]]
 Information on the ability to raise project financing and price situation, including outlook for competing products you can find here  [[Datei:UK_economic_situation_II.pdf]]
 '''Implementation status of Kyoto protocol'''
-The legal basis for implementing Kyoto protocol, especially the description of the Joint implementation mechanism can be found here  [[Datei:UK_kyoto_protocol.pdf]]
+The legal basis for implementing the Kyoto protocol, especially the description of the Joint implementation mechanism can be found here  [[Datei:UK_kyoto_protocol.pdf]]
-'''Energy politics'''
+'''Energy politicy'''
-The electricity generation mix in the UK consists of gas, coal, oil derived and associated fuels and others including renewable energy sources.  The UK has been energy self sufficient since time immemorial as a result of wood and charcoal burning, domestic coal mining and latterly oil and gas production.  This has caused a shock to the system as the UK has become a net energy importer since the middle of the current decade as indigenous oil and gas production from the North Sea decreased more rapidly than expected.   Even so, domestic energy reserves still account for about two-thirds of all the UK's primary energy needs, but reliance on politically sensitive foreign imports will increase over the next decade and it will be important to exploit all possible local sources of energy.
+The electricity generation mix in the UK consists of gas, coal, oil derived and associated fuels and others including renewable energy sources.  The UK has been energy selfsufficient since immemorial time as a result of wood and charcoal burning, domestic coal mining and latterly oil and gas production.  This has caused a shock to the system as the UK has become a net energy importer since the middle of the current decade as indigenous oil and gas production from the North Sea decreased more rapidly than expected.   Even so, domestic energy reserves still account for about two-thirds of all the UK's primary energy needs, but reliance on politically sensitive foreign imports will increase over the next decade and it will be important to exploit all possible local sources of energy.
 In the following pdf you can find data and figures of energy supply, energy production, coal production and consumption of primary fuels in the UK  [[Datei:UK_energy_politics.pdf]]

← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 1. Juni 2012, 12:00 Uhr
Zeile 190:		Zeile 190:

	'''National funding for CMM projects'''		'''National funding for CMM projects'''
		+
	At the moment (2012) there are no possibilities of national funding for CMM projects.		At the moment (2012) there are no possibilities of national funding for CMM projects.

← Nächstältere Version		Version vom 14. Mai 2012, 08:23 Uhr
Zeile 124:		Zeile 124:

	Accession to the EU made many resources available for business in Poland. It made it possible for companies to obtain support in order to realize projects on different levels – small projects in regional programmes and bigger projects in nationwide programmes. The description of different programmes are presented in the following pdf [[Datei:Poland_ability_to_raise_project_financing.pdf]]		Accession to the EU made many resources available for business in Poland. It made it possible for companies to obtain support in order to realize projects on different levels – small projects in regional programmes and bigger projects in nationwide programmes. The description of different programmes are presented in the following pdf [[Datei:Poland_ability_to_raise_project_financing.pdf]]
		+
		+	Impelmentaion of Kyoto Protocol you find at http://ji.unfccc.int/JI_Projects/ProjectInfo.html . Choose Poland. In March 2012 20 project under track 1 are registrated, 0 under track 2.

	=== Romania ===		=== Romania ===