Terrorism

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Definitions

European Definitions

Other International Definitions

NATO

The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence against individuals or property in an attempt to coerce or intimidate governments or societies to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives. [1]


National Definitions

Australia

Emergency Management
Terrorism is the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals that are political, religious, or ideological in nature. [2]

This can be done through intimidation, coercion, or instilling fear. Terrorism includes a criminal act against persons or property that is intended to influence an audience beyond the immediate victims.

Legal definition
According to the Criminal Code Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2003 (CCA Act), Section 100.
(1) A terrorist act means an action or threat of action where:
(a) the action falls within subsection (2) and does not fall within subsection (3); and
(b) the action is done or the threat is made with the intention of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause; and
(c) the action is done or the threat is made with the intention of: (i) coercing, or influencing by intimidation, the government of the Commonwealth or a State, Territory or foreign country, or of part of a State, Territory or foreign country; or (ii) intimidating the public or a section of the public.

(2) Action falls within this subsection if it:
(a) causes serious harm that is physical harm to a person; or
(b) causes serious damage to property; or
(c) causes a person’s death; or
(d) endangers a person’s life, other than the life of the person taking the action; or
(e) creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public or a section of the public; or
(f) seriously interferes with, seriously disrupts, or destroys, an electronic system including, but not limited to: (i) an information system; or (ii) a telecommunications system; or (iii) a financial system; or (iv) a system used for the delivery of essential government services; or (v) a system used for, or by, an essential public utility; or (vi) a system used for, or by, a transport system.

(3) Action falls within this subsection if it:
(a) is advocacy, protest, dissent or industrial action; and
(b) is not intended:(i) to cause serious harm that is physical harm to a person; or (ii) to cause a person’s death; or (iii) to endanger the life of a person, other than the person taking the action; or (iv) to create a serious risk to the health or safety of the public or a section of the public.

(4) {...} [3]


Finland

Terrorism: väkivaltainen kansallisen tai kansainvälisen lain sääntelyn vastainen toiminta tai sillä uhkaaminen, jonka tarkoituksena on levottomuuden ja vakavan pelon synnyttäminen [4]


Jamaica

Terrorism is the use of violence or intimidation to coerce a government or civilian population to further political or social objectives. [5]



Netherlands

Terrorism is defined as threatening, making preparations for or perpetrating, for ideological reasons, acts of serious violence directed at people or other acts intended to cause property damage that could spark social disruption, for the purpose of bringing about social change, creating a climate of fear among the general public, or influencing political decision-making. [6]

Dutch original definition:

Terrorisme is het uit ideologische motieven dreigen met, voorbereiden of plegen van op mensen gericht ernstig geweld, dan wel daden gericht op het aanrichten van maatschappijontwrichtende zaakschade, met als doel maatschappelijke veranderingen te bewerkstelligen, de bevolking ernstige vrees aan te jagen of politieke besluitvorming te beïnvloeden. [7]


Romania

Terorism:
Reprezintă ansamblul de acţiuni şi/sau ameninţări care prezintă pericol public şi afectează securitatea naţională, având următoarele caracteristici: (a) sunt săvârşite, în mod premeditat, de entităţi teroriste, motivate de concepţii şi atitudini extremiste, ostile faţă de alte entităţi, împotriva cărora acţionează prin modalităţi violente şi/sau distructive; (b) au ca scop realizarea unor obiective specifice, de natura politică; (c) vizează factori umani şi/sau factori materiali din cadrul autorităţilor şi instituţiilor publice, populaţiei civile sau al oricărui alt segment aparţinând acestora; (d) produc stări cu un puternic impact psihologic asupra populaţiei, de natură să atragă atenţia asupra scopurilor urmărite. [8]



Slovenia

Terorizem je nezakonita uporaba ali grožnja uporabe sile ali nasilja proti posameznikom ali premoženju, ki ima za cilj prisiliti ali zastraševati vlade ali družbe za doseganje političnih, verskih in ideoloških ciljev. [9]

Terorizem je dejanje, ki ima namen ogroziti ustavno ureditev ali varnost Republike Slovenije, povzročiti eksplozijo ali požar ali drugo splošno nevarno dejanje ali nasilje, ali grožnja z uporabo jedrske snovi ali drugih sredstev za množično pobijanje ljudi, da bi pri ljudeh tako ustvarili občutek negotovosti in prestrašenosti.

United Kingdom

Terrorism is defined as the use or threat of action designed to influence the government or an international governmental organisation or to intimidate the public, or a section of the public; made for the purposes of advancing a political, religious, racial or ideological cause; and it involves or causes: serious violence against a person; serious damage to a property; a threat to a person's life; a serious risk to the health and safety of the public; or serious interference with or disruption to an electronic system. [10]


United States

DHS
Premeditated threat or act of violence against noncombatant persons, property, and environmental or economic targets to induce fear, intimidate, coerce, or affect a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political, social, ideological, or religious objectives. [11]


DoD
Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence or threat of violence, often motivated by religious, political, or other ideological beliefs, to instill fear and coerce governments or societies in pursuit of goals that are usually political (source: JP 3-07.2) [12]


Homeland Security Act 2002
Terrorism is an activity that involves an act that is dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critical infrastructure or key resources; is a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State or other subdivision of the United States; and appears to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion, or to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping. [13]



Standard Definition

See also

Notes