Difference between revisions of "Risk Perception"

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This section contains definitions of [[Risk Perception]] and the notion of [[Subjective Risk]].
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The concepts of [[Risk Perception]] and [[Risk Tolerance]], while unique, are very much linked. <ref name="Campbell">[http://www.nsc.org/CambpellInstituteandAwardDocuments/WP-Risk%20Preception.pdf Campbell Institute (2014). Risk perception: Theories, strategies and next steps. ]</ref>
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Other relevant terms of note are [[Optimism Bias]] and [[Illusion of Control]].
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==Definitions==
 
==Definitions==
 
=== European Definitions ===
 
=== European Definitions ===
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====[[ENISA]]====
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{{definition|Risk perception si the way in which a stakeholder [G.50] views a risk [G.27], based on a set of values or concerns. (ISO/IEC Guide 73) <ref name="ENISAGlos"> [http://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/risk-management/current-risk/risk-management-inventory/glossary ENISA Risk Glossary]</ref>}}Risk perception depends on the stakeholder’s needs, issues and knowledge. Risk perception can differ from objective data. <br /><br/>
  
 
=== Other International Definitions ===
 
=== Other International Definitions ===
  
 
=== National Definitions ===
 
=== National Definitions ===
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==== [[Argentina]] ====
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{{definition|Percepción del riesgo: Construcción social que está relacionada con la interacción de diversos factores: económicos, políticos, culturales, institucionales, subjetivos y del ecosistema. Estos factores influyen y condicionan la forma en que las personas valoran los efectos que producen los riesgos, haciendo que cada individuo perciba, interprete y valore de manera diferente los riesgos y sus consecuencias.  <ref>[http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/240000-244999/242082/norma.htm SUBSECRETARÍA DE PROTECCIÓN CIVIL Y ABORDAJE INTEGRAL DE EMERGENCIAS Y CATÁSTROFES (1/2015)]</ref>}}<br/><br/> 
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====[[Brazil]] ====
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{{definition|Percepção do risco: <br/>1. Impressão ou juízo intuitivo sobre a natureza e a magnitude de um determinado risco. <br/>2. Percepção sobre a importância ou gravidade de um determinado risco, com base no repertório de conhecimento que o indivíduo acumulou, durante o seu desenvolvimento cultural, e sobre o juízo político e moral de sua significação. <ref>[http://www.bombeiros.go.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/16-Glosssario-de-Defesa-Civil-Estudo-de-Risco-e-Medicina-de-Desastres.pdf GLOSSÁRIO DE DEFESA CIVIL ESTUDOS DE RISCOS E MEDICINA DE DESASTRES, Ministério da Integração Nacional, Brazil]</ref><br/><br/>Perception of risk: <br/> 1. Impression or intuitive judgment about the nature and magnitude of a given risk. <br/> 2. Perception about the importance or severity of a given risk, based on the repertoire of knowledge that the individual accumulated during his / her cultural development, and on the political and moral judgment of its significance.}}<br /><br/>
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==== [[Canada]] ====
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{{definition|Risk Perception is a stakeholder's view on a risk. <ref>[https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/ll-hzrds-ssssmnt/index-en.aspx#annex_7 All Hazards Risk Assessment Methodology Guidelines 2012-2013, Public Safety Canada]</ref>}}Note: Risk perception reflects the stakeholder's needs, issues, knowledge, beliefs and values. <br /><br/>
  
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====[[United States]]====
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===== [[DHS]] =====
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{{definition|Risk perception is a subjective judgment about the characteristics and/or severity of risk. <ref name="DHSLex"> [http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/dhs-risk-lexicon-2010.pdf DHS Risk Lexicon 2010 Edition, September 2010]</ref>}}<br />
 
===Standard Definition===
 
===Standard Definition===
 
====[[ISO|ISO Guide 73:2009(en)]] ====
 
====[[ISO|ISO Guide 73:2009(en)]] ====
 
{{definition|Stakeholder's view on a risk. <ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=44651 ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk management -- Vocabulary]</ref>}}
 
{{definition|Stakeholder's view on a risk. <ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=44651 ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk management -- Vocabulary]</ref>}}
 
Note: Risk perception reflects the stakeholder's needs, issues, knowledge, belief and values.
 
Note: Risk perception reflects the stakeholder's needs, issues, knowledge, belief and values.
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===Academic Definitions===
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{{Definition|Subjective Risk/ Risk perception is the estimated [[probability]] people have that a specific type of negative [[event]] could happen and how affected they are by the [[consequence]]s. <ref> Sjöberg, L. (2000). Factors in risk perception. Risk Analysis, 20, 1-11. </ref> <ref>Sjöberg, L. (2003). Risk perception is not what it seems: The psychometric paradigm revisited. In K. Andersson (Ed.), VALDOR Conference 2003 (pp. 14-29). Stockholm: VALDOR.</ref>}}
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{{Definition|An individual perception of risk includes a subjective risk estimate <ref>Yates, J.F. (1992). Risk-taking behavior. London: John Wiley & Sons</ref> which is heavily influenced (and not limited to) the following factors <ref>Cooper, D. (2003). Psychology, risk & safety: Understanding how personality & perception can influence risk taking. Professional Safety, 39-46.</ref><ref>Hofer, J. (2016). Report on risk perception. Deliverable D32.1 for Driver Project (http://driver-project.eu/content/report-risk-perception)</ref>: type of risk (e.g. nature and features of the disaster), individual characteristics (e.g. personality, personal experience with a similar disaster, training and education), social context (e.g. publicity and communication), and cultural values (e.g. trust in authorities).}}
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{{Definition|Risk perception is the ability of an individual to discern a certain amount of [[risk]]. <ref name="Campbell">[http://www.nsc.org/CambpellInstituteandAwardDocuments/WP-Risk%20Preception.pdf Campbell Institute (2014). Risk perception: Theories, strategies and next steps. ]</ref>}}
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===Discussion===
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Subjective risk is a social construct and is defined in opposition with the “objective risk” or “real risk”. <ref>Slovic, P. (1992). Perception of risk: reflections on the psychometric paradigm, in Krimsky, S., & Golding, D. (Eds.), Social Theories of Risk, Praeger, Westport, 117-152. </ref> It usually refers to the judgment of non-experts (lay people, members of the general public, civil population) since their perception of risk is likely to be different compared to experts. <ref>Bostrom, A. (1997). Risk perceptions: ‘Experts’ vs. ‘Lay people,’ Duke Environmental Law Policy Forum, 8(101), 101-113.
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</ref> Risk perception by experts is usually labeled “[[Risk Assessment]]”. Experts tend to estimate risk in a more objective analytic and rational way based on scientific and technological knowledge <ref>Sjöberg, L. (1999). Risk Perception by the Public and by Experts: A Dilemma in Risk Management, Human Ecology Revenue, 6(2), 1-9. </ref> However, there are studies showing that even experts can commit estimation errors when they cannot rely on consistent data. <ref>van der Pligt, J. (1996). Judgement and Decision Making. In R. G. Semin & K. Fiedler, Applied Social Psychology (pp 30-64).</ref> However, average citizens are more likely to have more distorted perceptions and to be under a higher influence of cognitive biases and heuristics.
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==See also==
 
==See also==
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* [[Illusion of Control]]
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* [[Optimism Bias]]
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* [[Psychological Heuristics]]
 
* [[Risk]]
 
* [[Risk]]
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* [[Risk Assessment]]
 
* [[Risk Evaluation]]
 
* [[Risk Evaluation]]
 
* [[Risk Tolerance]]
 
* [[Risk Tolerance]]
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* [[Subjective Risk]]
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
 
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<references />
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==References==
 
==References==
 
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Revision as of 11:33, 28 June 2019

This section contains definitions of Risk Perception and the notion of Subjective Risk. The concepts of Risk Perception and Risk Tolerance, while unique, are very much linked. [1]

Other relevant terms of note are Optimism Bias and Illusion of Control.

Definitions

European Definitions

ENISA

Risk perception si the way in which a stakeholder [G.50] views a risk [G.27], based on a set of values or concerns. (ISO/IEC Guide 73) [2]

Risk perception depends on the stakeholder’s needs, issues and knowledge. Risk perception can differ from objective data.

Other International Definitions

National Definitions

Argentina

Percepción del riesgo: Construcción social que está relacionada con la interacción de diversos factores: económicos, políticos, culturales, institucionales, subjetivos y del ecosistema. Estos factores influyen y condicionan la forma en que las personas valoran los efectos que producen los riesgos, haciendo que cada individuo perciba, interprete y valore de manera diferente los riesgos y sus consecuencias. [3]



Brazil

Percepção do risco:
1. Impressão ou juízo intuitivo sobre a natureza e a magnitude de um determinado risco.
2. Percepção sobre a importância ou gravidade de um determinado risco, com base no repertório de conhecimento que o indivíduo acumulou, durante o seu desenvolvimento cultural, e sobre o juízo político e moral de sua significação. [4]

Perception of risk:
1. Impression or intuitive judgment about the nature and magnitude of a given risk.
2. Perception about the importance or severity of a given risk, based on the repertoire of knowledge that the individual accumulated during his / her cultural development, and on the political and moral judgment of its significance.



Canada

Risk Perception is a stakeholder's view on a risk. [5]

Note: Risk perception reflects the stakeholder's needs, issues, knowledge, beliefs and values.

United States

DHS
Risk perception is a subjective judgment about the characteristics and/or severity of risk. [6]


Standard Definition

ISO Guide 73:2009(en)

Stakeholder's view on a risk. [7]

Note: Risk perception reflects the stakeholder's needs, issues, knowledge, belief and values.

Academic Definitions

Subjective Risk/ Risk perception is the estimated probability people have that a specific type of negative event could happen and how affected they are by the consequences. [8] [9]


An individual perception of risk includes a subjective risk estimate [10] which is heavily influenced (and not limited to) the following factors [11][12]: type of risk (e.g. nature and features of the disaster), individual characteristics (e.g. personality, personal experience with a similar disaster, training and education), social context (e.g. publicity and communication), and cultural values (e.g. trust in authorities).


Risk perception is the ability of an individual to discern a certain amount of risk. [1]


Discussion

Subjective risk is a social construct and is defined in opposition with the “objective risk” or “real risk”. [13] It usually refers to the judgment of non-experts (lay people, members of the general public, civil population) since their perception of risk is likely to be different compared to experts. [14] Risk perception by experts is usually labeled “Risk Assessment”. Experts tend to estimate risk in a more objective analytic and rational way based on scientific and technological knowledge [15] However, there are studies showing that even experts can commit estimation errors when they cannot rely on consistent data. [16] However, average citizens are more likely to have more distorted perceptions and to be under a higher influence of cognitive biases and heuristics.


See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Campbell Institute (2014). Risk perception: Theories, strategies and next steps.
  2. ↑ ENISA Risk Glossary
  3. ↑ SUBSECRETARÍA DE PROTECCIÓN CIVIL Y ABORDAJE INTEGRAL DE EMERGENCIAS Y CATÁSTROFES (1/2015)
  4. ↑ GLOSSÁRIO DE DEFESA CIVIL ESTUDOS DE RISCOS E MEDICINA DE DESASTRES, Ministério da Integração Nacional, Brazil
  5. ↑ All Hazards Risk Assessment Methodology Guidelines 2012-2013, Public Safety Canada
  6. ↑ DHS Risk Lexicon 2010 Edition, September 2010
  7. ↑ ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk management -- Vocabulary
  8. ↑ Sjöberg, L. (2000). Factors in risk perception. Risk Analysis, 20, 1-11.
  9. ↑ Sjöberg, L. (2003). Risk perception is not what it seems: The psychometric paradigm revisited. In K. Andersson (Ed.), VALDOR Conference 2003 (pp. 14-29). Stockholm: VALDOR.
  10. ↑ Yates, J.F. (1992). Risk-taking behavior. London: John Wiley & Sons
  11. ↑ Cooper, D. (2003). Psychology, risk & safety: Understanding how personality & perception can influence risk taking. Professional Safety, 39-46.
  12. ↑ Hofer, J. (2016). Report on risk perception. Deliverable D32.1 for Driver Project (http://driver-project.eu/content/report-risk-perception)
  13. ↑ Slovic, P. (1992). Perception of risk: reflections on the psychometric paradigm, in Krimsky, S., & Golding, D. (Eds.), Social Theories of Risk, Praeger, Westport, 117-152.
  14. ↑ Bostrom, A. (1997). Risk perceptions: ‘Experts’ vs. ‘Lay people,’ Duke Environmental Law Policy Forum, 8(101), 101-113.
  15. ↑ Sjöberg, L. (1999). Risk Perception by the Public and by Experts: A Dilemma in Risk Management, Human Ecology Revenue, 6(2), 1-9.
  16. ↑ van der Pligt, J. (1996). Judgement and Decision Making. In R. G. Semin & K. Fiedler, Applied Social Psychology (pp 30-64).


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