Difference between revisions of "Risk Evaluation"

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==Definitions==
 
==Definitions==
 
=== European Definitions ===
 
=== European Definitions ===
 +
====[[ENISA]]====
 +
{{definition|Risk Evaluation is the process  of comparing the [[Risk Estimation|estimated risk]] against given [[Risk Criteria|risk criteria]] to determine the significance of [[risk]] (refers to [[ISO|ISO/IEC Guide 73]]). <ref name="ENISAGlos"> [http://www.enisa.europa.eu/activities/risk-management/current-risk/risk-management-inventory/glossary ENISA Risk Glossary]</ref>}}<br />
 +
=== European Project Definitions ===
 +
==== CIPRNet project ====
 +
{{quote-ciprnet|risk evaluation is the process of comparing the results of [[Risk Analysis|risk analysis]] with [[Risk Criteria|risk criteria]] to determine whether the [[risk]] and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable. }}<br/>
  
  
 
=== Other International Definitions ===
 
=== Other International Definitions ===
 +
==== [[UNISDR]] ====
 +
{{definition|Évaluation des risques: Méthodologie pour déterminer la nature et l’étendue des risques à travers une analyse dis risques potentiels et l’évaluation des conditions existantes de la vulnérabilité qui, associées, pourrait affecter les populations, établissements, servies, subsistance. <ref>[http://unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologyFrench.pdf UNISDR glossary]</ref>}}<br/>
 +
{{definition|Evaluación del riesgo: Una metodología para determinar la naturaleza y el grado de riesgo a través del análisis de posibles amenazas y la evaluación de las condiciones existentes de vulnerabilidad que conjuntamente podrían dañar potencialmente a la población, la propiedad, los servicios y los medios de sustento expuestos, al igual que el entorno del cual dependen. <ref>[http://unisdr.org/files/7817_UNISDRTerminologySpanish.pdf UNISDR glossary]</ref>}}<br/>
 +
{{definition|Penilaian Risiko : Metodologi bagi menentukan kejadian dan punca risiko dengan menganalisis potensi bahaya – bahaya berlaku dan menilai kerentanan sedia ada, kerana apabila bergabung, ia berpotensi membahayakan orang awam, harta benda, perkhidmatan, kehidupan dan alam sekitar yang sangat diperlukan. <ref>[http://www.preventionweb.net/files/7817_isdrmalaysiaterminology.pdf UNISDR glossary in Malay]</ref>}}<br/><br/>
 +
 +
=== National Definitions ===
 +
==== [[Argentina]] ====
 +
{{definition|Evaluación del riesgo: Metodología para determinar la naturaleza y el grado de riesgo a través del análisis de posibles amenazas y la evaluación de las condiciones existentes de vulnerabilidad que conjuntamente podrían dañar potencialmente a la población, la propiedad, los servicios y los medios de sustento expuestos, al igual que el entorno del cual dependen.  <ref>[http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/240000-244999/242082/norma.htm SUBSECRETARÍA DE PROTECCIÓN CIVIL Y ABORDAJE INTEGRAL DE EMERGENCIAS Y CATÁSTROFES (1/2015)]</ref>}}<br/><br/> 
  
  
=== National Definitions ===
 
 
==== [[Australia]] ====  
 
==== [[Australia]] ====  
 
{{definition| Risk evaluation is the process in which judgements are made on the tolerability of the risk on the basis of [[Risk Analysis|risk analysis]]  and taking into account factors such as socioeconomic and environmental aspects.  <ref name="MAIMAus">[https://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Manual03-AEMGlossary.PDF Australian Emergency Management Glossary, Emergency Management Australia (1998)]</ref>}}
 
{{definition| Risk evaluation is the process in which judgements are made on the tolerability of the risk on the basis of [[Risk Analysis|risk analysis]]  and taking into account factors such as socioeconomic and environmental aspects.  <ref name="MAIMAus">[https://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Manual03-AEMGlossary.PDF Australian Emergency Management Glossary, Emergency Management Australia (1998)]</ref>}}
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{{definition| Risk evaluation is the process used to prioritise risks.  <ref name="MAIMAus">[https://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Manual03-AEMGlossary.PDF Australian Emergency Management Glossary, Emergency Management Australia (1998)]</ref>}}
 
{{definition| Risk evaluation is the process used to prioritise risks.  <ref name="MAIMAus">[https://www.em.gov.au/Documents/Manual03-AEMGlossary.PDF Australian Emergency Management Glossary, Emergency Management Australia (1998)]</ref>}}
 
<br />
 
<br />
{{definition|Process of comparing the results of [[Risk Analysis|risk analysis]] with [[Risk Criteria|risk criteria]] to determine whether the risk and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable. <ref> [http://www.risknz.org.nz/files/3114/0868%2F4596%2F5050-2010.pdf Australia AS NZS 5050 (2010)]</ref>}}<br />
+
{{definition|Process of comparing the results of [[Risk Analysis|risk analysis]] with [[Risk Criteria|risk criteria]] to determine whether the risk and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable. <ref> [http://www.risknz.org.nz/files/3114/0868%2F4596%2F5050-2010.pdf Australia AS NZS 5050 (2010)]</ref>}}<br /><br/>
 +
==== [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] ====
 +
{{definition|Evaluacija rizika je proces upoređivanja rezultata analize rizika sa kriterijumima rizika da se utvrdi da li se rizik i/ili njegova veličina mogu tolerisati. (ISO 31010)  <ref>[http://www.msb.gov.ba/PDF/EU_SMJERNICE_ZA_PRCJENU_RIZIKA21122015.pdf RADNA VERZIJA OSOBLJA KOMISIJE: Procjena rizika i mapiranje smernice za upravljanje katastrofama]</ref>}}<br/><br/>
  
 
==== [[Canada]] ====
 
==== [[Canada]] ====
{{definition|The process of comparing the results of [[Risk Analysis|risk analysis]] with [[Risk Criteria|risk criteria]] to determine whether a [[risk]] and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable. <ref>Derived from ISO 31000:2009</ref><br /><br />Processus de comparaison des résultats de l’analyse de risques avec les critères de risque afin de déterminer si un risque ou son importance sont acceptables ou tolérables. <ref name="canada">[http://www.bt-tb.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/publications/documents/urgence-emergency.pdf Vocabulaire de la gestion des urgencies/Emergency Management Emergency Management Vocabulary 281 (2012)]</ref>}}  
+
{{definition|The process of comparing the results of [[Risk Analysis|risk analysis]] with [[Risk Criteria|risk criteria]] to determine whether a [[risk]] and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable. <ref>Derived from ISO 31000:2009</ref><br /><br />Processus de comparaison des résultats de l’analyse de risques avec les critères de risque afin de déterminer si un risque ou son importance sont acceptables ou tolérables. <ref name="canada">[http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/tpsgc-pwgsc/S52-2-281-2012.pdf Vocabulaire de la gestion des urgencies/Emergency Management Emergency Management Vocabulary 281 (2012)]</ref>}} <br /><br/>
<br />
+
{{definition|Évaluation des risques Jugement de valeur sur le poids du risque, établi d’après une analyse des risques tenant compte de tout critère pertinent (OCDE, 1992). <ref name="canada">[http://www.mddelcc.gouv.qc.ca/evaluations/documents/guide-risque-techno.pdf Guide Analyse de risques d'accidents technologiques majeurs (2002)]</ref>}}<br />
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====[[Czech Republic]]====
 +
{{definition|Hodnocení rizik: Proces porovnání výsledků analýzy rizik s kritérii rizik k určení, zda je míra rizika přijatelná (akceptovatelná).
 +
  <ref name=CZglos>[https://www.govcert.cz/download/slovnik/vykladovy_slovnik_KB_2_vydani.pdf]</ref><br/><br/>Risk evaluation: Process to compare the results of risk analyses with risk criteria to find out if the risk level is acceptable.  <ref name=CZglos>[https://www.govcert.cz/download/slovnik/vykladovy_slovnik_KB_2_vydani.pdf]</ref>}}<br/>
 +
 
 +
==== [[Finland]] ====
 +
{{definition|Risk evaluation is a part of [[Risk Management]] in which, on the basis of [[Risk Analysis]] information, the effect and tolerability of [[risk|risks]] are considered and through which information basis for decision making in [[Risk Management]] is formed.<br/><br/>Riskin merkityksen arviointi / riskin arvottaminen: riskienhallinnan osa, jossa riskianalyysin tietojen pohjalta pohditaan riskien vaikutusta ja siedettävyyttä ja jonka avulla muodostetaan tietopohja riskienhallinnan päätöksen tekoa varten. <ref name="finland">Palo- ja pelastussanasto. Helsinki: Suomen Pelastusalan Keskusjärjestö ry ja Suomen Palopäällystöliitto, 2006. 350 s. (TSK 33.) ISBN 951-797-215-6; Fire and Rescue Vocabulary. Helsinki: the Finnish National Rescue Association SPEK and the Finnish Association of Fire Chiefs, 2006. 350 p. (TSK 33.) ISBN 951-797-215-6 (In Finnish.)</ref>}}<br /><br/>
 +
==== [[Luxembourg]] ====
 +
{{definition|Évaluation du risque: Processus de comparaison des résultats de l’analyse des risques avec les critères de risque afin de déterminer si les risques et/ou leur importance sont acceptables ou tolérables. <ref>[https://cybersecurite.public.lu/fr/glossaire.html Glossaire]</ref>}}L’évaluation du risque aide à la prise de décision relative au traitement des risques.<br /><br/>
 +
====[[Mexico]]====
 +
{{definition|Análisis (Evaluación) Del Riesgo: En su forma más simple, es el postulado de que el riesgo resulta de relacionar la amenaza y la vulnerabilidad de los elementos expuestos, con el fin de determinar los posibles efectos y consecuencias sociales, económicas y ambientales asociadas a uno o varios fenómenos peligrosos en un territorio y con referencia a grupos o unidades sociales y económicas particulares. <ref>[http://www.atlasnacionalderiesgos.gob.mx/apps/IGOPP/glosario.php El Glosario Centro Nacional de prevencion de desastres (CENAPRED)]</ref>}}Cambios en uno o más de estos parámetros modifican el riesgo en sí mismo, es decir, el total de pérdidas esperadas y las consecuencias en un área determinada. <br/><br/>
 +
==== [[Netherlands]]====
 +
{{definition|[Dutch] Risicobeoordeling is het proces waarin de resultaten van de [[Risk Analysis|risicoanalyse]] worden vergeleken met het maximaal te accepteren risico. <ref>[https://www.brandweer.nl/publish/pages/risico_beoordeling_16_0_bhm_2015.pdf Risicobeoordeling 16.0: Een kansrijk kader; Theorie achter het risicomanagementproces en leidraad voor risicobeoordeling, June 2015]</ref>}}<br /><br/>
 +
==== [[Peru]] ====
 +
{{definition|Evaluación de Riesgos: Componente del procedimiento técnico del análisis de riesgos, el cual permite calcular y controlar los riesgos, previa identificación de los peligros y análisis de las vulnerabilidades, recomendando medidas de prevención y/o reducción del riesgo de desastres y valoración de riesgos. <ref>[http://dimse.cenepred.gob.pe/simse/cenepred/docs/glosario-terminos-grd-cenepred.pdf El Centro Nacional de Estimación, Prevención y Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres - CENEPRED, Glosario de Términos, Peru]</ref>}}<br/><br/>
 +
 
 +
==== [[Switzerland]]====
 +
{{definition|Die Risikobewertung umfasst den Prozess des Entscheidungsträgers und/oder der betroffenen Gemeinschaft, bei dem festgestellt wird, ob die definierten Schutzziele eingehalten sind. <ref>[http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/gefaehrdungen-risiken.parsysrelated1.62085.downloadList.63404.DownloadFile.tmp/20130422glossarde.pdf Glossar der Risikobegriffe, Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz BABS, 29.4.2013]</ref><br/><br/>L’appréciation des risques englobe le processus appliqué par le décideur et/ou la collectivité concernée pour vérifier si les objectifs de protection définis sont remplis. <ref>[http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/fr/home/themen/gefaehrdungen-risiken.parsysrelated1.83210.downloadList.55257.DownloadFile.tmp/20130422glossarfr.pdf Glossaire des risques, Office fédéral de la protection de la population, 29.4.2013]</ref><br/><br/>La ponderazione dei rischi è il processo adottato dall’organo decisionale e/o dalla comunità per appurare se gli obiettivi di protezione predefiniti sono stati raggiunti. <ref>[http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/it/home/themen/gefaehrdungen-risiken.parsysrelated1.49227.downloadList.52339.DownloadFile.tmp/20130422glossarit.pdf Glossario sui rischi, Ufficio federale della protezione della popolazione UFPP, 29.4.2013]</ref>}} <br/>
 +
 
  
 
===Standard Definition===
 
===Standard Definition===
 
==== [[ISO|ISO/IEC 27000:2014 and ISO 31000:2009]] ====
 
==== [[ISO|ISO/IEC 27000:2014 and ISO 31000:2009]] ====
{{definition|Process of comparing the results of [[Risk Analysis|risk analysis]] with risk criteria to determine whether the [[risk]] and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable <ref name="ISO27000-14"> [http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=63411 ISO/IEC 27000:2014, Information technology -- Security techniques -- Information security management systems -- Overview and vocabulary]</ref> <ref name="ISO31000-09"> [http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=43170 ISO/IEC 31000:2009, Risk management -- Principles and guidelines]</ref> <br />(based on the ISO Guide 73:2009<ref name="ISOGuide73">[http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=44651 ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk management -- Vocabulary]</ref>)}}
+
{{definition|Process of comparing the results of [[Risk Analysis|risk analysis]] with risk criteria to determine whether the [[risk]] and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable. <ref name="ISO27000-14">[http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=63411 ISO/IEC 27000:2014, Information technology -- Security techniques -- Information security management systems -- Overview and vocabulary]</ref> <ref name="ISO31000-09"> [http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=43170 ISO/IEC 31000:2009, Risk management -- Principles and guidelines]</ref> <br />(based on the ISO Guide 73:2009<ref name="ISOGuide73">[http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=44651 ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk management -- Vocabulary]</ref>)}}
 
<big>
 
<big>
* Risk criteria are the terms of reference against which the significance of [[risk]] is evaluated <ref name="ISOGuide73">[http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=44651 ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk management -- Vocabulary]</ref>. They are based on organizational objectives, and external and internal context, and can be derived from standards, laws, policies and other requirements.
+
* Risk criteria are the terms of reference against which the significance of [[risk]] is evaluated. <ref name="ISOGuide73">[http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=44651 ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk management -- Vocabulary]</ref>. They are based on organizational objectives, and external and internal context, and can be derived from standards, laws, policies and other requirements.
 
* Risk evaluation assists in the decision about [[Risk Treatment|risk treatment]].</big>
 
* Risk evaluation assists in the decision about [[Risk Treatment|risk treatment]].</big>
  
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* Test reference. -->
  
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{{#set:defined by=ENISA|defined by=Argentina|defined by=Australia|defined by=Bosnia and Herzegovina|defined by=Canada|defined by=Czech Republic|defined by=Finland|defined by=Luxembourg|defined by=Mexico|defined by=Netherlands|defined by=Peru|defined by=Switzerland|defined by=ISO|defined by=UNISDR|defined by=EU-project}}
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Revision as of 18:47, 6 March 2020

Definitions

European Definitions

ENISA

Risk Evaluation is the process of comparing the estimated risk against given risk criteria to determine the significance of risk (refers to ISO/IEC Guide 73). [1]


European Project Definitions

CIPRNet project

The CIPRNet project [2] uses the following definition:

risk evaluation is the process of comparing the results of risk analysis with risk criteria to determine whether the risk and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable.



Other International Definitions

UNISDR

Évaluation des risques: Méthodologie pour déterminer la nature et l’étendue des risques à travers une analyse dis risques potentiels et l’évaluation des conditions existantes de la vulnérabilité qui, associées, pourrait affecter les populations, établissements, servies, subsistance. [3]


Evaluación del riesgo: Una metodología para determinar la naturaleza y el grado de riesgo a través del análisis de posibles amenazas y la evaluación de las condiciones existentes de vulnerabilidad que conjuntamente podrían dañar potencialmente a la población, la propiedad, los servicios y los medios de sustento expuestos, al igual que el entorno del cual dependen. [4]


Penilaian Risiko : Metodologi bagi menentukan kejadian dan punca risiko dengan menganalisis potensi bahaya – bahaya berlaku dan menilai kerentanan sedia ada, kerana apabila bergabung, ia berpotensi membahayakan orang awam, harta benda, perkhidmatan, kehidupan dan alam sekitar yang sangat diperlukan. [5]



National Definitions

Argentina

Evaluación del riesgo: Metodología para determinar la naturaleza y el grado de riesgo a través del análisis de posibles amenazas y la evaluación de las condiciones existentes de vulnerabilidad que conjuntamente podrían dañar potencialmente a la población, la propiedad, los servicios y los medios de sustento expuestos, al igual que el entorno del cual dependen. [6]




Australia

Risk evaluation is the process in which judgements are made on the tolerability of the risk on the basis of risk analysis and taking into account factors such as socioeconomic and environmental aspects. [7]


Risk evaluation is the process used to prioritise risks. [7]


Process of comparing the results of risk analysis with risk criteria to determine whether the risk and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable. [8]



Bosnia and Herzegovina

Evaluacija rizika je proces upoređivanja rezultata analize rizika sa kriterijumima rizika da se utvrdi da li se rizik i/ili njegova veličina mogu tolerisati. (ISO 31010) [9]



Canada

The process of comparing the results of risk analysis with risk criteria to determine whether a risk and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable. [10]

Processus de comparaison des résultats de l’analyse de risques avec les critères de risque afin de déterminer si un risque ou son importance sont acceptables ou tolérables. [11]



Évaluation des risques Jugement de valeur sur le poids du risque, établi d’après une analyse des risques tenant compte de tout critère pertinent (OCDE, 1992). [11]


Czech Republic

Hodnocení rizik: Proces porovnání výsledků analýzy rizik s kritérii rizik k určení, zda je míra rizika přijatelná (akceptovatelná). 
[12]

Risk evaluation: Process to compare the results of risk analyses with risk criteria to find out if the risk level is acceptable. [12]


Finland

Risk evaluation is a part of Risk Management in which, on the basis of Risk Analysis information, the effect and tolerability of risks are considered and through which information basis for decision making in Risk Management is formed.

Riskin merkityksen arviointi / riskin arvottaminen: riskienhallinnan osa, jossa riskianalyysin tietojen pohjalta pohditaan riskien vaikutusta ja siedettävyyttä ja jonka avulla muodostetaan tietopohja riskienhallinnan päätöksen tekoa varten. [13]



Luxembourg

Évaluation du risque: Processus de comparaison des résultats de l’analyse des risques avec les critères de risque afin de déterminer si les risques et/ou leur importance sont acceptables ou tolérables. [14]

L’évaluation du risque aide à la prise de décision relative au traitement des risques.

Mexico

Análisis (Evaluación) Del Riesgo: En su forma más simple, es el postulado de que el riesgo resulta de relacionar la amenaza y la vulnerabilidad de los elementos expuestos, con el fin de determinar los posibles efectos y consecuencias sociales, económicas y ambientales asociadas a uno o varios fenómenos peligrosos en un territorio y con referencia a grupos o unidades sociales y económicas particulares. [15]

Cambios en uno o más de estos parámetros modifican el riesgo en sí mismo, es decir, el total de pérdidas esperadas y las consecuencias en un área determinada.

Netherlands

[Dutch] Risicobeoordeling is het proces waarin de resultaten van de risicoanalyse worden vergeleken met het maximaal te accepteren risico. [16]



Peru

Evaluación de Riesgos: Componente del procedimiento técnico del análisis de riesgos, el cual permite calcular y controlar los riesgos, previa identificación de los peligros y análisis de las vulnerabilidades, recomendando medidas de prevención y/o reducción del riesgo de desastres y valoración de riesgos. [17]



Switzerland

Die Risikobewertung umfasst den Prozess des Entscheidungsträgers und/oder der betroffenen Gemeinschaft, bei dem festgestellt wird, ob die definierten Schutzziele eingehalten sind. [18]

L’appréciation des risques englobe le processus appliqué par le décideur et/ou la collectivité concernée pour vérifier si les objectifs de protection définis sont remplis. [19]

La ponderazione dei rischi è il processo adottato dall’organo decisionale e/o dalla comunità per appurare se gli obiettivi di protezione predefiniti sono stati raggiunti. [20]



Standard Definition

ISO/IEC 27000:2014 and ISO 31000:2009

Process of comparing the results of risk analysis with risk criteria to determine whether the risk and/or its magnitude is acceptable or tolerable. [21] [22]
(based on the ISO Guide 73:2009[23])

  • Risk criteria are the terms of reference against which the significance of risk is evaluated. [23]. They are based on organizational objectives, and external and internal context, and can be derived from standards, laws, policies and other requirements.
  • Risk evaluation assists in the decision about risk treatment.

See also

Notes

  1. ENISA Risk Glossary
  2. http://www.ciprnet.eu/
  3. UNISDR glossary
  4. UNISDR glossary
  5. UNISDR glossary in Malay
  6. SUBSECRETARÍA DE PROTECCIÓN CIVIL Y ABORDAJE INTEGRAL DE EMERGENCIAS Y CATÁSTROFES (1/2015)
  7. 7.0 7.1 Australian Emergency Management Glossary, Emergency Management Australia (1998)
  8. Australia AS NZS 5050 (2010)
  9. RADNA VERZIJA OSOBLJA KOMISIJE: Procjena rizika i mapiranje smernice za upravljanje katastrofama
  10. Derived from ISO 31000:2009
  11. 11.0 11.1 Vocabulaire de la gestion des urgencies/Emergency Management Emergency Management Vocabulary 281 (2012) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "canada" defined multiple times with different content
  12. 12.0 12.1 [1]
  13. Palo- ja pelastussanasto. Helsinki: Suomen Pelastusalan Keskusjärjestö ry ja Suomen Palopäällystöliitto, 2006. 350 s. (TSK 33.) ISBN 951-797-215-6; Fire and Rescue Vocabulary. Helsinki: the Finnish National Rescue Association SPEK and the Finnish Association of Fire Chiefs, 2006. 350 p. (TSK 33.) ISBN 951-797-215-6 (In Finnish.)
  14. Glossaire
  15. El Glosario Centro Nacional de prevencion de desastres (CENAPRED)
  16. Risicobeoordeling 16.0: Een kansrijk kader; Theorie achter het risicomanagementproces en leidraad voor risicobeoordeling, June 2015
  17. El Centro Nacional de Estimación, Prevención y Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres - CENEPRED, Glosario de Términos, Peru
  18. Glossar der Risikobegriffe, Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz BABS, 29.4.2013
  19. Glossaire des risques, Office fédéral de la protection de la population, 29.4.2013
  20. Glossario sui rischi, Ufficio federale della protezione della popolazione UFPP, 29.4.2013
  21. ISO/IEC 27000:2014, Information technology -- Security techniques -- Information security management systems -- Overview and vocabulary
  22. ISO/IEC 31000:2009, Risk management -- Principles and guidelines
  23. 23.0 23.1 ISO Guide 73:2009 Risk management -- Vocabulary